‘ r E - ie ee a stir oe —_ Toehng Ss ete te = eer -—- a ton Mie atl mS eran peiea x ep eS ; in LOE. ly 4 ¥ santa “ ify nan igi Hy J nf ur. Hie re nt hie al i ie dy } gi taitu i hs ’ \ en wate itt Me My! NaH hath Hit i ty ' t : seaiketad phat: ‘ fc) if ) Ay oh HAND eal Hy RNY tig Vf a Hi he , y te a MIE het Bd atl ey a i ai lait Nae lain AK He ih iy lal ih) ] tf) 4 Hla ' barker ant 4) one Aragl de Va ae +i} Hi tj gt Weis sth} itd ‘ (airy any, iis { sprardt) i sy a) ag ! wi BM put tah icy? fy) aM An Sith yn! VET Sha ha i i a fi ea ; Aish Nat: iid iis 14 Dals ie 1K) | "7 nA a nai PL Py iva; tub ih 4o( Mh on Hyatt fe bani ie ia ' i a i a tn { a etsy Wid y. van Waid Ne vag LN 4 Ht ih tet ‘ \Biute Kee Hi SP i) 4 “ 1 f ol Hi 1 Behe: ai i ah ie i i M ’ ? We ‘ wie he Ae ae iB ails seb bah an itis ih i cy ’ ee i he'te! itil in ny é ts i pote a's 4 * « ae ii it Pia fist ui rt)" i MH i i ‘pi i) sn i hi a i vt Ty r ays = o =: y = Ale = —! ~ = ity iT dusts i hi it i; a ’ a Y Sh nt Ne A Ihe aah Hele y sii Mb ahh as Hi ny : \ ten ut My A ae i rene SBiai lee na if on i | | ee xe ~— —= ol Beets cat ae ‘Iesahit nt ie 4) Ny vi, tent Ie \ iit e He al i: r re | Ke ab henge iH sayy i A wha iq ; ae TW ae ry i ven i ie ae Ky Cae ; aN i | aie ——— = : ee = Pui < coms: SSS SSSES 5 SES iren goes 3 See ee Sirs ese se rte -— => ao t) Awg ‘ea tite ta Ha ieeiegta nna ait a a3) - . a 44 y “iG if ety mi i Ht ; se bia iad eit ‘it Wei rin} ek or a igh ane in enh Kis cet a 1 viet ue ' reir A haa ft laa yay ‘ ek Ch ae a ‘eu ent Hee a is sf We 4 ie ” i iis ny ‘ ie ih Tite tae WF, Ui : ALA) oe 1 nh Roh 7 Kony oe A mh he Panay a) NO Wis aes AF le SR " i, CM. Cae a , TONDO re iy’ by Ober of the Untomiattanel Yrus far Deo. Looliyion) Nambia | one ae ny ; a q wee 7, he bol beat ie the interontiagal Caomnntrian 5 Loobopiqn ry ANG fins ia shee sbameipenct oll, Boil St Piped bnite arey Ch eiow ah Apidiern's have, b.deiorn, Rw ; ets the LB Fides hb ee rel) ay ie savin | ' Cay, OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE VOLUME 1. SECTION D Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956—1957 (All rights reserved) » INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF VOLUME 1 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boscuma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. is (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th y Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (A7th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEwsKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953 Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasadgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954 Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) IV INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE (continued) C. The Staff of the Secretariat of the Commission Honorary Secretary: Myr. Francis Hemming, C.M.G., C.B.E. Honorary Personal Assistant to the Secretary: Mrs. M. F. W. Hemming Honorary Archivist : Mr. Francis J. Griffin, A.L.A. Consulting Classical Adviser: Professor The Rev. L. W. Grensted, M.A., D.D. ** Official Lists” Section : Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc. ** Régles’”’ Section: Mrs. A. F. Wilson, M.A. Mrs. J. H. Newman Miss C. W. Kirton Mrs. I. Saltman Mrs. J. A. White Indexer : Miss Mary Cosh, M.A. Secretariat : INTERNATIONAL TRUST FOR ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Chairman : The Right Hon. Walter Elliot, C.H., M.C., F.R.S., M.P. Managing Director and Secretary: Mr. Francis Hemming, CMG... CBE, Publications Officer : Mrs. C. Rosner Trust Duties Officer : Mrs. J. H. Newman ADDRESSES OF THE COMMISSION AND THE TRUST Secretariat of the Commission: 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, London, N.W.1. Offices of the Trust : 41 Queen’s Gate. London, S.W.7. FOREWORD The present Section contains a further instalment of Directions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature embodying decisions taken in connection with the review of the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 undertaken in pursuance of a General Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, as extended by a further such Directive issued by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953. The immediately preceding Section (Section C) of the present volume contained twenty-three (23) instalments of the prescribed review—all in the form of Directions. In addition, prior to the commencement of the above Section, thirty-four (34) instalments had been published in other volumes of the Opinions and Declarations Series. Of these, thirty-two (32) had been rendered as Opinions! and two (2) as Directions*. Accordingly, at the time of the commencement of the present Section the total number of instalments already published amounted to fifty-seven (57). Thus, when account is taken of the eighteen (18) instalments contained in the present Section, the total number of instalments of the prescribed review so far published is seen to amount to seventy-five (75). 2. The present volume (Section D of Volume 1) was published in 19 Parts. It contains 484 pages (T.P.—XIV, 1—470). It is — The thirty-two Opinions here referred to are Opinions 136, 149, 158, 180, 192, Poe 196. 201: 200,225, 226, 238, 239, 240, 242, 244.259" 260, 261, 262,°271, 212s 21427821279, 283, 299, 312, 320; 333, 334, 356: The two Directions concerned are Directions | and 4, nw VI thus of substantially the same size as the preceding section (Section C) of the present volume. 3. Eighteen Directions are included in the present instalment. Of these, three (Directions 40, 42, 52) are concerned exclusively with the determination of the gender to be attributed to generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology up to the end of 1936 ; three (Directions 37, 44, 56) contain Rulings on various miscellaneous matters relating to the names of genera of particular Classes (Crustacea (Order Decapoda); Aves ; Pisces ; Amphibia ; Reptilia) on which decisions were needed as a preliminary to the publication of the foregoing Official List in book-form ; three Directions (Directions 36, 43, 57) contain Rulings placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of the type species of genera in the Classes referred to above, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period in question. The remaining nine Directions are concerned with individual cases, seven with particular names and two (Directions 38, 48) with the status of particular books. Jn two of these nine cases (Directions 49, 50) the International Commission found it necessary to make use of its Plenary Powers. The seven Directions dealing with individual names (Directions 39, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 55) contain Rulings which validate, correct or complete entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. 4. The cases dealing with individual names in the present Section, including those relating to the determination of the gender of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 amount to sixteen ; of these, six contain Rulings relating to the names of taxa belonging to more than one Class of the Animal Kingdom, including one (Direction 42) which relates to the names of taxa belonging to no less than twenty-two Classes. The total number of cases involved in Rulings given in the Directions comprised in the present Section is thus fifty. The distribution by Classes of these cases is shown in the following table :— Vil TABLE 1 Distribution of cases by Classes in the Animal Kingdom Number of Name of Class applications Rhizopoda Ciliata Mastigophora Sporozoa Neosporidia Hydrozoa Anthozoa Cestoda Trematoda Nematoda Nematomorpha Hirudinea Chaetopoda Crustacea Diplopoda Trilobita Insecta Merostomata Arachnida Gastropoda Scaphopoda Pelecypoda Cephalopoda Brachiopoda | Asteroidea | Holothuroidea Crinoidea Urochorda Cyclostomata Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Total OO WW GO RD me ee ND OO ee RRR RR RE RE Ee On i=) Vill 5. The three Directions relating exclusively to the gender attributable to generic names placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 to which reference has been made in paragraph 3 above contain determinations of gender in respect of 145 generic names. These Directions conclude the review undertaken by the Commission from this point of view of the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period referred to above, save for a small number of cases where special problems are involved. The total number of generic names placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 amounted to 563. Gender determinations for 394 of these generic names were made in Section C of the present volume, and accordingly the determinations made in the present volume brings the total number of determinations made up to a total of 539. As regards the remaining 24 names, gender determinations have also been made for six names, the number of determinations still to be made being thus reduced to 18. The distribution by Classes of the genera for the names of which gender determinations are made in the Directions included in the present Section is shown in the following table :— IX TABLE 2 Distribution by Classes in the Animal Kingdom of the genera for the names of which gender determinations have been made in the present Section of Volume 1 Number of generic Name of Class names for which genders have been determined Rhizopoda 2 Ciliata Mastigophora Sporozoa Neosporidia Hydrozoa Anthozoa Cestoda Trematoda Nematoda Nematomorpha Hirudinea Chaetopoda — — ONWNHORK AOR NK KN Crustacea Diplopoda Trilobita Insecta Merostomata Arachnida Gastropoda Scaphopoda Pelecypoda Cephalopoda Brachiopoda Asteroidea Holothuroidea Crinoidea Urochorda Amphibia Reptilia Aves Total 145 No rm KO = ee CNR KNOW OK ORR NRE xX 6. The Directions comprised in the present Section contain 529 additions to the Official Lists and Official Indexes. Of the entries so made 522 are in respect of the names of taxa of various categories and two are of the titles of zoological works. Particulars of the additions so made are given in the following table :— TABLE 3 Additions to the ‘‘ Official Lists ’’ and ‘‘ Official Indexes ”’ respectively Category Official Lists Official Indexes Specific Names 322 22 Generic Names 8 171 Family-Group Names ] 3 Titles of Works 1 1 Totals 332 197 7. The subject index to the present Section of Volume 1 is of the same scope as, and follows the style of the corresponding index for the preceding Section (Section C) of this volume. For this index the Commission is indebted to Mrs. J. H. Newman. FRANCIS HEMMING Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 28 Park Village East, Regent’s Park, LONDON, N.W.1. 31st May 1957. TABLE OF CONTENTS DIRECTION 36 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of the type species of one hundred and seventy genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names currently treated as senior sub- jective synonyms of the names of the type species of nine other such genera .. DIRECTION 37 Completion of the entries relating to the names of certain genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. . DIRECTION 38 Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of the anonymously published work entitled Orni- thologia britannica issued in 1771 and believed to have been written by Marmaduke Tunstall and matters incidental thereto (cancellation of Opinion 38) DIRECTION 39 Substitution of Gallinago Brisson, 1760, for Gallinago Koch, 1816 (Class Aves) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 67) DIRECTION 40 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of fifty-five genera of the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera of Decapod Crustacea, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 DIRECTION 42 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of seventy-eight genera of various Classes of Invertebrates and of six genera of the Class Urochorda placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 XI Page 47 83 oF 139 155 XII DIRECTION 43 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of the type species of seventy-three genera in the Class Aves, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of twelve specific names which are currently regarded as senior subjective synonyms of such names DIRECTION 44 Correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera in the Class Aves made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936 and addition to the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology of certain names given to genera and species of the same Class he a DIRECTION 45 Substitution of Pinnotheres_ Bosc, [1801—1802] for Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 85) DIRECTION 47 Substitution on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of a revised entry relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (Revision of a Ruling given in Opinion 104) mf DIRECTION 48 Determination of the authorship to. be attributed to the work published anonymously in the year 1798 under the title Museum Boltenianum (Direction supplementary to Opinion 96) DIRECTION 49 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name [phis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 73) Page 171 211 pe 243 255 265 DIRECTION 50 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order REN sean of an error in Opinion 85) Be tas DIRECTION 51 Revision of the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the name Homarus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Deca- poda) (revision of a Ruling given in Opinion 104) DIRECTION 52 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic names Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in ae a the Ruling given in Opinion 92 ; DIRECTION 55 Insertion in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of an entry relating to the generic name Grus Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves) (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 103) .. DIRECTION 56 Completion and in certain cases correc- tion of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made in the Official List of Generic Names in 2 i in the period up to the end of 1936 a DIRECTION 57 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of forty- seven species belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific name of one species of the Class Amphibia which is currently treated as senior subjective synonym of the name of such a species .. XIU Page 281 295 309 319 Sif) 365 XIV Page MINUTE, dated 3lst December 1956, by the Secretary containing directions regarding the generic names Teuthys Linck, 1790 (Class Pisces) and Teuthis Schneider, 1784 (Class Cephalopoda) .. ae +1) 391 Corrigendan yt 5 Ne a a: aE: ‘aly ans Subject Index .. 7! a as a Ps so 395 Particulars of dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present volume was published ne .. 469 Instructions to Binders ri ry ae = cr 470 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. _ Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.1. Pp. 1—46 DIRECTION 36 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of the type species of one hundred and seventy genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific names currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of the type-species_of nine other such genera. LONDON : Printed by Order-of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Thirty Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued \st September, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 36 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election_or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boscuma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) eee a: oe BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) President Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N. Y.,.0 38:22) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) : Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale, “ G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 36 ADDITION TO THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY GENERA OF THE ORDER DECAPODA (CLASS CRUSTACEA), THE NAMES OF WHICH WERE PLACED ON THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES CURRENTLY TREATED AS SENIOR SUBJECTIVE SYNONYMS OF THE NAMES OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF NINE OTHER SUCH GENERA RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific names of species of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions cited below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Names Numbers severally specified against the names in question :— (1) gayi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination Acanthocyclus gayi (specific name of type species of Acantho- cyclus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 765) ; (2) erosa Miers, [1877], as published in the combina- tion Actaeomorpha erosa (specific name of type species of Actaeomorpha Miers, [1877]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 766) ; (3) tomentosus Dana, 1852, as published in the com- bination Actumnus tomentosus (specific name of type species of Actumnus Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 767) ; SEP 9 ° 1956 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) erinaceus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the com- bination Cancer erinaceus (specific name of type species of Arcania Leach, 1817) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 768) ; (5) sexdentatus Paulson, 1875, as published in the combination Archias sexdentatus (specific name of type species of Archias Paulson, 1875) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 769) ; (6) cribrarius Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Portunus cribrarius (specific name of type species of Arenaeus Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 770) ; (7) integerrimus Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer integerrimus (specific name of type species of Atergatis de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 771); | (8) signatus Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Carpilius signatus (specific name of type species of Atergatopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1862) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 772) ; (9) armata Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Banareia armata (specific name of type species of Banareia Milne Edwards (A.), 1869) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 773) ; (10) picta Milne Edwards (H.), 1848, as published in the combination Bellia picta (specific name of type species of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 774) ; (11) hemingi Alcock & Anderson, 1899, as published in the combination Benthochascon hemingi (specific name of type species of Benthochascon Alcock & Anderson, 1899) (Opinion 73) (Name No. TID) 3 (12) rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, as published in the combination Caphyra rouxii (specific name of type species of Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 776) ; DIRECTION 36 5 (13) maculatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer maculatus (specific name of type species of Carpilius Desmarest, 1823) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 777) ; (14) tristis Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Carpilodes tristis (specific name of type species of Carpilodes Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 778) ; (15) papulosus Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Carpoporus papulosus (specific name of type species of Carpoporus Stimpson, [1871]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 779) ; (16) tenuipes Dana, 1852, as published in the combina- tion Carupa tenuipes (specific name of type species of Carupa Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 780) ; (17) melanochirus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as pub- lished in the combination Chlorodopsis melano- chirus (specific name of type species of Chloro- dopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 781) ; (18) tridentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published in the combination Coenophthalmus tridentatus (specific name of type species of Coenophthalmus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 782) ; (19) chilensis Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination Corystoides chilen- sis (specific name of type species of Corystoides Milne Edwards (H.), & Lucas [1844]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 783) ; (20) pentagonus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Cryptocnemus pentagonus (specific name of type species of Cryptocnemus Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 784) ; OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (21) ornatus Dana, 1852, as published in the combina- tion Cyclodius ornatus (specific name of type species of Cyclodius Dana, 1851) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 785) ; (22) andreossyi Audouin, [1826], as published in the combination Pilumnus andreossyi (specific name of type species of Cymo de Hann, [1833]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 786) ; (23) eremita Nobili, 1906, as published in the com- bination Dacryopilumnus eremita (specific name of type species of Dacryopilumnus Nobili, 1906) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 787) ; (24) imitatrix Hilgendorf, [1869], as published in the combination Deckenia imitatrix (specific name of type species of Deckenia Hilgendorf, [1869]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 788) ; (25) hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, as published in the combination Domecia hispida (specific name of type species of Domecia Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 789) ; (26) tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer tuberosus (specific name of type species of Ebalia Leach, [1817]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 790) ; (27) cubensis Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Epilobocera cubensis (specific name of type species of Epilobocera Stimpson, 1860) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 791) ; (28) cessacii Milne Edwards (A.), 1878, as published in the combination Epimelus cessacii (specific name of type species of Epimelus Milne Edwards (A.), 1878) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 792) ; (29) isenbeckii Brandt, 1848, as published in the com- bination Platycorystes (Podacanthus) isenbeckii (specific name of type species of Erimacrus Benedict, 1892) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 793) ; DIRECTION 36 7 (30) spinosus Rathbun, 1894, as published in the com- bination Erimetopus spinosus (specific name of type species of Erimetopus Rathbun, 1894) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 794) ; (31) dovii Stimpson, 1860, as published in the com- bination Euphylax dovii (specific name of type species of Euphylax Stimpson, 1860) (Opinion wt tName No, 795): (32) jacquemontii Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, as published in the combination Gecarcinucus jacquemontii (specific name of type species of Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards (H.), 1844) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 796) ; (33) amica Smith (S.I.), 1869, as published in the com- bination Hepatella amica (specific name of type species of Hepatella Smith (S.I.), 1869) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 797) ; (34) fallax Henderson, 1893, as published in the com- bination Ebalia fallax (specific name of type species of Heterolithadia Alcock, 1896) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 798) ; (35) vesiculosa Alcock, 1896, as published in the com- bination Heteronucia vesiculosus (specific name of type species of Heteronucia Alcock, 1896) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 799) ; (36) rotundifrons Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as pub- lished in the combination Heterozius rotundifrons (specific name of type species of Heterozius Milne Edwards (A.), 1867) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 800) ; (37) agilis Milne Edwards (A.), 1872, as published in the combination Hydrothelphusa agilis (specific name of type species of Hydrothelphusa Milne Edwards (A.), 1872) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 801) ; (38) subglobosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination /liacantha subglobosa (specific name of type species of Jliacantha Stimpson, [1871)]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 802) ; OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (39) spongiosus Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Iphiculus spongiosus (specific name of type species of Iphiculus Adams & White [1849]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 803) ; (40) cylindricus Fabricius, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer cylindricus (specific name of type species of Jxa Leach, 1815) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 804) ; (41) jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the com- bination Guaia (Ilia) jurinei (specific name of type species of Leucosilia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 805) ; (42) polybioides Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Lissocarcinus polybioides (specific name of type species of Lissocarcinus Adams & White, [1849]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 806) ; (43) cumingii Bell, 1855, as published in the combina- tion Lithadia cumingii (specific name of type species of Lithadia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 807) ; (44) rotundatus Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Lupocyclus rotundatus (speci- fic name of type species of Lupocyclus Adams & White, [1849]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 808) ; (45) lambriformis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Merocryptus lambriformis (specific name of type species of Merocryptus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 809) ; (46) eudactylus Bell, 1855, as published in the combina- tion Myrodes eudactylus (specific name of type species of Myrodes Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73)(Name No. 810) ; (47) speciosa Dana, 1852, as published in the combina- tion Nucia speciosa (specific name of type species of Nucia Dana, 1852) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 811); DIRECTION 36 9 (48) hardwickii Leach, 1817, as published in the com- bination Nursia hardwickii (specific name of type species of Nursia Leach, 1817) (Opinion 73) (Name 812) ; (49) dentata Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Nursilia dentata (specific name of type species of Nursilia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 813); (50) lamelligera Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Onychomorpha lamelligera (specific name of type species of Onychomorpha Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 814) ; (51) horridus Riippell, 1830, as published in the com- bination Oreophorus horridus (specific name of type species of Oreophorus Riippell, 1830) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 815) ; (52) tuberosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Osachila tuberosa (specific name of type species of Osachila Stimpson, [1871]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 816) ; (53) milneedwardsii Miers, 1886, as published in the combination Paracyclois milne-edwardsii (speci- fic name of type species of Paracyclois Miers, 1886) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 817) ; (54) tridentata Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Parathelphusa tridentata (specific name of type species of Parathelphusa Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 818) ; (55) orientalis Miers, 1886, as published in the com- | bination Lupocyclus (Parathranites) orientalis (specific name of type species of Parathranites Miers, 1886) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 819) ; (56) alcocki Wood-Mason, 1891, as published in the combination Parilia alcocki (specific name of type species of Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 820) ; 10 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (57) coronata Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published in the combination Randallia coronata (specific name of type species of Pariphiculus Alcock, 1896) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 821) ; (58) crassipes Bell, 1855, as published in the combina- tion Phlyxia crassipes (specific name of type species of Phlyxia Bell, 1855) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 822) ; (59) denticulatus Montagu, 1808, as published in the combination Cancer denticulatus (specific name of type species of Pirimela Leach, [1816]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 823) ; (60) gaudichaudii Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as pub- lished in the combination Platymera gaudi- chaudii (specific name of.type species of Platy- mera Milne Edwards (H.), 1837) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 824) ; (61) henslowii Leach, [1820], as published in the com- bination Polybius henslowii (specific name of type species of Polybius Leach, [1820]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 825) ; (62) armatus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Potamocarcinus armatus (specific name of type species of Potamocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 826) ; (63) perlata Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Thelpheusa [sic] perlata (specific name of type species of Potamonautes Macleay, 1838) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 827) ; (64) tridentata Miers, 1879, as published in the com- bination Pseudophilyra tridentata (specific name of type species of Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 828) ; (65) americana Saussure, 1857, as published in the combination Pseudothelphusa americana (specific name of type species of Pseudothelphusa Saus- sure, 1857) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 829) ; DIRECTION 36 11 (66) ornata Randall, 1840, as published in the com- bination J/ia ornata (specific name of type species of Randallia Stimpson, 1857) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 830) ; (67) nodosus Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Oreophorus nodosus (specific name of type species of Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 831); (68) bedoti Zehnter, 1894, as published in the combina- tion Sphaerocarcinus bedoti (specific name of type species of Sphaerocarcinus Zehnter, 1894) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 832) ; (69) serratus Forskal, 1775, as published in the com- bination Cancer serratus (specific name of type species of Scy/la de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 833) ; (70) admete Herbst, [1803], as published in the combina- tion Cancer admete (specific name of type species of Thalamita Latreille, 1829) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 834) ; (71) quadridens Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Thalamitoides quadridens (specific name of type species of Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869) (Opinion 73) (Name ING. S35) ; (72) danae Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Goniosoma danae (specific name of type species of Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 836) ; (73) muriger Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Jlos muriger (specific name of type species of J/os Adams & White, [1849]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 837) ; (74) corallinus Faxon, 1893, as published in the com- bination Trachycarcinus corallinus (specific name of type species of Trachycarcinus Faxon, 1893) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 838) ; 12 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (75) fluviatilis Latreille, [1828], as published in the combination Trichodactylus fluviatilis (specific name of type species of Trichodactylus Latreille, [1828]) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 8339) ; (76) nobile Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Trichopeltarion nobile (specific name of type species of Trichopeltarion Milne Edwards (A.), 1880) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 840) ; (77) serrata White, 1847, as published in the combina- tion Valdivia serrata (specific name of type species of Valdivia White, 1847) (Opinion 73) (Name No. 841) ; (78) parvula Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com- bination Acmaeopleura parvula (specific name of type species of Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 842) ; (79) inaequipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Asthenognathus inaequipes (specific name of type species of Asthenognathus Stimp- son, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 843) ; (80) typhlus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Bathyplax typhlus (specific name of type species of Bathyplax Milne Edwards (A.), 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No. ); | (81) sexdentatum Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Camptandrium sexdentatum (specific name of type species of Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 845) ; (82) coppingeri Miers, 1884, as published in the com- bination Camptoplax coppingeri (specific name of type species of Camptoplax Miers, 1884) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 846) ; (83) nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870, as published in the combination Catoptrus nitidus (specific name of type species of Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 847) ; DIRECTION 36 13 (84) ciliatus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com- bination Ceratoplax ciliatus (specific name of type species of Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 848) ; (85) typicus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the com- bination Chasmocarcinus typicus (specific name of type species of Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 849) ; (86) balansae Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Clistocoeloma balansae (speci- fic name of type species of Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 850) ; (87) angulatus Dana, 1851, as published in the combina- tion Cyrtograpsus angulatus (specific name of type species of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851) ( Opin- ion 85) (Name No. 851) ; (88) nitidus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Dissodactylus nitidus (specific name of type species of Dissodactylus Smith (S.I.), 1870) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 852) ; (89) carinipes de Man, 1889, as published in the com- bination Durckheimia carinipes (specific name of type species of Durckheimia de Man, 1889) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 853) ; (90) liguricus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as es ieee in the combination Euchirograpsus liguricus (specific name of type species of Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 854) ; (91) crenatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the com- bination Cancer (Eucrate) crenatus (specific name of type species of Eucrate de Haan, [1835)) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 855) ; 14 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (92) agassizii Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Eucratodes agassizii (specific name of type species of Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A.), 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 856) ; (93) crassimanus Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Eucrate crassimanus (specific name of type species of Eucratopsis Smith (S.I.), 1869) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 857) ; (94) deplanatus Cano, 1889, as published in the com- bination Euryetisus deplanatus (specific name of type species of Euryetisus Cano, 1889) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 858) ; (95) nitidus Stimpson, 1859, as published in the com- bination Euryplax nitidus (specific name of type species of Euryplax Stimpson, 1859) (Name No. 859) ; (96) limosa Say, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer limosa (specific name of type species of Eurytium Stimpson, 1859) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 860) ; (97) subquadrata Dana, 1851, as published in the com- bination Fabia subquadrata (specific name of type species of Fabia Dana, 1851) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 861) ; (98) bispinosus Herbst, [1783], as published in the combination Cancer bispinosus (specific name of type species of Galene de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 862) ; (99) tridens Kreyer, 1837, as published in the combina- tion Geryon tridens (specific name of type species of Geryon Kroyer, 1837) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 863) ; (100) impressus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Glyptograpsus impressus (specific name of type species of Glyptograpsus Smith (S.I.), 1870) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 864) ; DIRECTION 36 15 (101) pugnax Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Glyptoplax pugnax (specific name of type species of Glyptoplax Smith (S.I.), 1870) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 865) ; (102) bicornis Gray (J.E.), 1831, as published in the combination Gomeza bicornis (specific name of type species of Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 866) ; (103) fragifer de Haan, [1835], as published in the com- bination Cancer (Halimede) fragifer (specific name of type species of Halimede de Haan, [1835]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 867) ; (104) tridens de Haan, [1835], as published in the com- bination Ocypode (Helice) tridens (specific name of type species of Helice de Haan, [1835)) (Opinion 85) (Name 868) ; (105) lugubris Alcock, 1899, as published in the com- bination Hephthopelta lugubris (specific name of type species of Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 869) ; (106) sexpes Fabricius, 1798, as published in the com- bination Cancer sexpes (specific name of type species of Hexapus de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 870) ; (107) haematocheir de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Grapsus (Pachysoma) haematocheir (specific name of type species of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 871) ; (108) trapeziformis Nauck, 1880, as published in the combination Holothuriophilus trapeziformis (specific name of type species of Holothurio- Bi). Nauck, 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No. Si2y% 16 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (109) rodgersii Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com- bination Lachnopodus rodgersii (specific name of type species of Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 873) ; (110) exaratus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Chlorodius exaratus (specific name of type species of Leptodius Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 874) ; (111) rubromaculatus de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Cancer (Liagore) rubromacu- latus (specific name of type species of Liagore de Haan, [1833]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 875) ; (112) nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Libystes nitidus (specific name of type species of Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), 1867) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 876) ; (113) cinctimanus White, [1849], as published in the com- bination Carpilius cinctimanus (specific name of type species of Liomera Dana, 1851) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 877) ; (114) leeanus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the com- bination Lipaesthesius leeanus (specific name of type species of Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 878) ; (115) bispinosa Kinahan, 1856, as published in the com- bination Litocheira bispinosa (specific name of type species of Litocheira Kinahan, 1856) (Opin- ion 85) (Name No. 879) ; (116) bella Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combina- tion Xantho bella (specific name of type species of Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 880) ; (117) dilatipes Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Pilumnus dilatipes (specific name of type species of Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 881) ; DIRECTION 36 i? (118) tesselatus Latreille, 1812, as published in the combination Grapsus tesselatus (specific name of type species of Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 882) ; (119) thalamita Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Melybia thalamita (specific name of type species of Melybia Stimpson, [1871)]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 883) ; (120) rousseauxi Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Metasesarma rousseauxi (specific name of type species of Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 884) ; (121) truncatus Stimpson, [1860], as published in the combination Metopocarcinus truncatus (specific name of type species of Metopocarcinus Stimp- son, [1860]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 885) ; (122) sculptipes Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Micropanope sculptipes (specific name of type species of Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] (Opinion 85) (Name No. 886) ; (123) nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Notonyx nitidus (specific name of type species of Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 887) ; (124) granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Oediplax granulatus (specific name of type species of Oediplax Rathbun, 1893) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 888) ; (125) macgillivrayi White, 1852, as published in the com- bination Ommatocarcinus macgillivrayi (specific name of type species of Ommatocarcinus White, 1852) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 889) ; (126) transversus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Opisthopus transversus (specific name of type species of Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 890) ; 18 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (127) microps Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published in the combination Xanthodes microps (specific name of type species of Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 891) ; (128) depressa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Panoplax depressa (specific name of type species of Panoplax Stimpson, [1871]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 892) ; (129) neapolitana Kossmann, 1878, as published in the combination Paragalene neapolitana (specific name of type species of Paragalene Kossmann, 1878) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 893) ; (130) ewagora de Man, 1895, as published in the com- bination Parapanope euagora (specific name of type species of Parapanope de Man, 1895) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 894) ; (131) roseus Nobili, 1906, as published in the combination Parapleurophrycoides roseus (specific name of type species of Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 895) ; (132) planissimus Herbst, [1804], as published in the combination Cancer planissimus (specific name of type species of Percnon Gistl, 1848) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 896) ; (133) excelsus Heller, 1862, as published in the com- bination Perigrapsus excelsus (specific name of type species of Perigrapsus Heller, 1862) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 897) ; (134) perlatus Poeppig, 1836, as published in the com- bination Hepatus perlatus (specific name of type species of Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 898) ; (135) hirtellus Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the com- bination Cancer hirtellus (specific name of type species of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 899) ; DIRECTION 36 19 (136) hirtipes Heller, [1865], as published in the combina- tion Pinnaxodes hirtipes (specific name of type species of Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 900) ; (137) cylindricum Say, 1818, as published in the com- bination Pinnotheres cylindricum (specific name of type species of Pinnixa White, 1846) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 901) ; (138) /aevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination Pinnotherelia laevigata (specific name of type species of Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H.), & Lucas, [1844]) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 902) ; (139) spectabilis de Man, 1896, as published in the combination Platychirograpsus spectabilis (speci- fic name of type species of Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 903) ; (140) gracilipes Alcock, 1894, as published in the com- bination Platypilumnus gracilipes (specific name of type species of Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 904) ; (141) orbignyi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination Xantho orbignyi (specific name of type species of Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 905) ; (142) cupulifer Latreille, 1825, as published in the com- bination Pilumnus cupulifer (specific name of type species of Polydectus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 906); (143) spinicarpus Milne Edwards (H.), 1852, as published in the combination Prionoplax spinicarpus (speci- fic name of type species of Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 907) ; 20 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (144) gigas Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combina- tion Cancer gigas (specific name of type species of Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 908) ; (145) carinata Ortmann, 1894, as published in the com- bination Pseudopinnixa carinata (specific name of type species of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 909) ; (146) gquadridentata Latreille, 1825, as published in the combination Melia quadridentata (specific name of type species of Pseudorhombila Milne Ed- wards (H.), 1837) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 910) ; (147) stridulans Wood-Mason, 1892, as published in the combination Psopheticus stridulans (specific name of type species of Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 911) ; (148) glaber Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com- bination Ptychognathus glaber (specific name of type species of Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 912) ; (149) granulosus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published in the combination Pyxidognathus granulosus (specific name of type Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 913); (150) harrisii Gould, 1841, as published in the combina- tion Pilumnus harrisii (specific name of type species of Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 914) ; (151) gracilipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Rhizopa gracilipes (specific name of type species of Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 915) ; (152) convexus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Ruppellioides convexus (speci- fic name of type species of Ruppellioides Milne es ((A.), 1867) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 916); DIRECTION 36 21 (153) crassum Dana, 1851, as published in the combina- tion Samartium crassum (specific name of type species of Samartium Dana, 1851) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 917) ; (154) spinosipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Scalopidia spinosipes (specific name of type species of Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 918) ; (155) granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Scleroplax granulatus (specific name of type species of Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 919) ; (156) carolinensis Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Speocarcinus carolinensis (specific name of type species of Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 920) ; (157) nitidus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the com- bination Sphaerozius nitidus (specific name of type species of Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 921) ; ao bidentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Yanthodes bidentatus (specific name of type species of Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 922) ; (159) scabripes Rathbun, 1898, as published in the combination Tetrias scabripes (specific name of type species of Tetrias Rathbun, 1898) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 923) ; (160) anomalipes Miers, 1881, as published in the com- bination Thaumastoplax anomalipes (specific name of type species of Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 924) ; (161) gracilipes White, 1847, as published in the com- bination Utica gracilipes (specific name of type species of Utica White, 1847) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 925) ; 22 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (162) litteratus Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Cancer litteratus (specific name of type species of Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 926) ; (163) murigera White, 1846, as published in the com- bination Xanthasia murigera (specific name of type species of Xanthasia White, 1846) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 927) ; (164) sternberghii Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Xanthodius sternberghii (specific name of type species of Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 928) ; (165) moebii Richters, 1880, as published in the com- bination X enophthalmodes moebii (specific name of type species of Xenophthalmodes Richters, ~ 1880) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 929) ; (166) pinnotheroides White, 1846, as published in the com- bination Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides (specific name of type species of Xenophthalmus White, 1846) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 930) ; (167) aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cancer aeneus (specific name of type species of Zosimus Leach, 1823) oe 85) (Name No. 931) ; (168) carinipes Heller, 1861, as published in the com- bination Zozymodes carinipes (specific name of type species of Zozymodes Heller, 1861) (Opinion 85) (Name No. 932) ; (169) pagurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cancer pagurus (specific name of type species of Cancer Linnaeus, 1758) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 933) ; (170) norvegicus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer norvegicus (specific name of type species of Nephrops [Leach], [1814]) (Opinion 104) (Name No. 934). DIRECTION 36 23 (2) The under-mentioned specific names, each of which is currently regarded as a senior subjective synonym of the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinion cited against the name in question, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (1) savignyi (correction of savignii) Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination of Cancer savignii (Opinion 73) (Name No. 935) ; (2) superba Costa, 1838, as published in the combination Portunus superba (Opinion 73) (Name No. 936) ; (3) punctatus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the com- bination Cancer punctatus (Opinion 73) (Name No:2937); (4) vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil (Opinion 73) (Name No. 938) ; (5) cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, as published in the com- bination Cancer cheiragonus (Opinion 73) (Name No. 939) : (6) frontalis Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Ozius frontalis (Opinion 85) (Name No. 940) ; (7) rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer rhomboides (Opinion 85) (Name No. 941) ; (8) barbiger Poeppig, 1836, as published in the com- bination Gecarcinus barbiger (Opinion 85) (Name No. 942) ; (9) minutus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cancer minutus (Opinion 85) (Name No. 943). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid 24 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 335 :— savignii Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Cancer savignii (an Invalid Original Spelling for savignyi). (4) The dates attributed to the under-mentioned specific names in the Opinions specified below are hereby corrected as follows :— (1) rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, as published in the com- bination Caphyra rouxii (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected from 1830 to 1832; (2) amica Smith (S.L.), as published in the combination Hepatella amica (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected from 1870 to 1869 ; (3) signatus Adams & White, as published in the combination Carpilius signatus (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ; (4) spongiosus Adams & White, as published in the combination Jphiculus spongiosus (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ; (5) polybioides Adams & White, as published in the combination Lissocarcinus polybioides (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ; (6) rotundatus Adams & White, as published in the combination Lupocyclus rotundatus (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ; (7) muriger Adams & White, as published in the com- bination Tlos muriger (Opinion 73): date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ; (8) fluviatilis Latreille, as published in the combination Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Opinion 73) : date to be corrected from 1825 to [1828] ; (9) cinctimanus Adams & White, as published in the combination Carpilius cinctimanus (Opinion 85) : date to be corrected from 1848 to [1849] ; DIRECTION 36 25 (10) Jaevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, as pub- lished in the combination Pinnotherelia laevigata (Opinion 85) : date to be corrected from 1843 to [1844] ; (11) orbignyi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, as published in the combination Xantho orbignyi (Opinion 85) : date to be corrected from 1843 to [1844] ; (12) tesselatus Latreille, as published in the combina- tion Graspus tesselatus (Opinion 85): date to be corrected from 1818 to 1812. I—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ** DIRECTION ” The present Direction has been prepared under a General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific names of the species which are the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the opening of that Congress should, if the oldest available names for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases there should be placed on that List whatever is currently considered to be the oldest available names for the species concerned. The present, which is the second of this series of Directions, is concerned with the names of the type species of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period. The total number of ‘such generic names is one hundred and ninety. At the time of the submission of the proposals relating to the names with which the present Direction is concerned, decisions on three names had been taken on separate Directions, proposals on three others had been published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature and were awaiting decision by the Commission, while in two other cases the material so far collected was not considered 26 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS sufficient for framing proposals for the consideration of the Commission. The number of names on which proposals were submitted to the Commission amounted therefore to one hundred and eighty-two. In the case of three of these names additional information received during the Prescribed Voting Period led to the withdrawal of the proposals submitted in order to permit of the further examination of the issues so raised (paragraph 4 below). Accordingly, the present Direction contains decisions on one hundred and seventy-nine of the names involved. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 19th September 1955 :— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of the specific names of the type species of one hundred and seventy- three genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the names of which were placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and of nine specific names which are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of type species of such genera By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present paper is to lay recommendations before the International Commission to enable it to comply, so far as concerns names of species of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), with a General Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948. This Directive stated that the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, save where any given such name is not the oldest available name for the taxon concerned, in which case the oldest available name, whatever it may be, is to be placed on that Official List. 2. It will be recalled that, in a paper (Z.N.(S.) 906) which I sub- mitted to the Commission on 11th February last, with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6, I dealt, so far as the Crustacea Decapoda are con- cerned, with the first of the two principle stages (namely the determina- tion of the gender of each name) involved in completing the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in the pre- Lisbon (1935) period, as a preliminary to the publication of the volume containing the first instalment of the Official Lists. In that paper I reported that in the period under review the names of one hundred and ninety genera of Decapoda had been placed on the Official List. DIRECTION 36 oP 3. In compiling the present proposals, I have, as on previous similar occasions, consulted such catalogues, checklists and mono- graphs as are available. I have also consulted Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London), who has rendered the most valuable assistance in this matter. In both of the two principal Opinions concerned (Opinions 73 and 85) a note was added in every case where the applicant (the late Miss Mary Rathbun) was of the opinion that the name of the type species of any given genus was a junior subjective synonym of some other name. Dr. Gordon points out that Miss Rathbun was the leading authority of her day in this group and that it is likely that her synonymisations, which were most carefully made, have been generally followed by later workers. It is accordingly believed that the 173 specific names of type species shown in Annexe | to the present paper are the oldest available names for the species concerned. Similarly, it is believed that in the case of the nine genera specified in Column (2) of Annexe 2, the name of the type species is a junior subjective synonym of the name specified in Column (1) in that Annexe. 4. The eight generic names as regards the names of the type species of which no proposals are now submitted are the following :—(1) All outstanding questions have been settled in regard to the following three generic names, which have formed the subject of individual Directions by the Commission :—Astacus (Direction 12); Penaeus (Direction 15) ; Favus (Direction 25). (2) In the following three cases action under the Plenary Powers is required and proposals have been published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature!:—Iphis (Bull. 11 : 79—81); Homalaspis (Bull. 11 : 83—85) ; Homarus (Bull. 11 : 114—116). (3) The two remaining names are Daira and Chasmagna- thus. As regards each of these proposals for action under the Plenary Powers will, it is proposed, be submitted at an early date, in the first case for the purpose of validating the generic name Daira, in the second case, for the purpose of validating the specific name of the type species of Chasmagnathus. 5. In twelve cases investigations undertaken in this Office have shown that the date given for a particular name at the time when it was placed on the Official List was incorrect. In some cases (e.g. Adams & White, The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang) Miss Rathbun accepted the date printed on the Title Page as the date of publication, but later investigations have shown that publication did not take place untila later year. In some of the cases of this kind the date of a generic name already placed on the Official List is affected as well as the name of the type species of such a genus. Proposals for the necessary corrections, so far as specific names are concerned, are submitted in Annexe 3 to the present paper. 1 Decisions have since been taken by the International Commission on each of these cases and the decisions have been embodied in Directions which will be published in the present Section of Volume 1. The Directions concerned are : (i) Direction 49 Uphis); (i) Direction 50 (Homalaspis) ; (iil) Direction 51 (Homarus). 28 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. In all cases where a specific name consists of a noun in the genitive singular based upon the modern patronymic of a man, to which was added a double “i” in place of a single ““i’’, the form with a double “i” has been retained in accordance with the decision on that subject taken by the Copenhagen (1953) Congress.? In one case, a name based upon a modern patronymic, (Savigny), was incorrectly formed by the substitution of the letter ‘“‘i’’ for the letter “‘ y’’, the name being published in the form “‘ savignii”’. In this case, in accord- ance with another of the decisions taken by the Copenhagen Congress? the form of the name has been corrected to savignyi. 7. In two cases (Ebalia ; Portumnus) the author of a generic name introduced a new name for the type species, at the same time specifying the previously published name for which his new specific name was a substitute. In each of the cases concerned, the new (substitute) name was unnecessary and is invalid as being a junior objective synonym of the name which it was intended to replace. In both these cases the older (valid) specific name and not the objectively identical junior synonym is treated as the name of the type species of the genus concerned.* | 8. In the case of the name Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801, the name of the type species (Podophtalmus [sic] spinosus Lamarck, 1801) is currently treated as a junior subjective synonym of Portunus vigil Fabricius, 1798 (Suppl. Ent. syst. : 363). However, the latter name is a junior homonym of Portunus vigil Weber, 1795 (Nomencl. Ent. syst. Fabric. : 93). So many of the names in Weber’s ill-starred little book are nomina nuda that as a first step I consulted it to see what Weber had actually said. For the benefit of anyone who has never had occasion to look at this book, I should explain that Weber did not give individual diagnoses either for the genera or for the species included by him in it. What he did commonly do, however, was to divide up into groups the species placed by him in any given genus and to provide a few words (in Latin) to differentiate from one another the groups so established. It is only on the rare occasions when Weber placed a single species in a group that the words given as a definition for that group become also a definition for the species placed in it. The present is an example of this unusual situation, for in the first of the groups which he established within the genus Portunus, Weber placed only one species, Portunus vigil. In consequence this name is not a nomen nudum, but the indication given is so extremely brief, being simply “‘ thor. utr. bid.’’, that it might not be sufficient to permit of the identification of Weber’s species. In that case the name Portunus vigil Weber, though an available name, would be a nomen dubium. Weber’s book was, as its title indicates, a preview of 2 See 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 54, Decision 91. 3 See 1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 51—52, Decision 86(1)(b). 4 This procedure has since been formalised by the Ruling given in Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii). DIRECTION 36 29 what Fabricius at that time intended to write in his Supplementum Entomologiae systematicae. Where, as happened in the present case, Weber cited a specific name which he knew was a manuscript name destined by Fabricius first to see the light of day in his Supplementum, he added the letter “‘ S ’ after the specific name concerned. The presence of this notation after the name vigil in Weber’s book opened the possiblity that in addition to being a senior primary homonym of Portunus vigil Fabricius, 1798 (the year in which that author’s Supple- mentum was published), the name Portunus vigil Weber might be also a senior objective synonym of P. vigil Fabricius. At this point I sought the views of two leading specialists, namely, Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. (U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) and Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands). Each of these specialists agreed that the name Portunus vigil Weber and Portunus vigil Fabricius were applicable to the same species, Dr. Chace pointing out that there are very few Portunid crabs with two lateral teeth on each side of the carapace and Dr. Holthuis drawing attention to the significance to be attached to the addition by Weber of the letter ““S’’ after the name vigi/. Both explained that the name Portunus vigil Weber appeared to have been overlooked in the literature and that this binomen was in consequence currently attributed to Fabricius, 1798. Both were agreed that no confusion or difficulty need be apprehended if in future this name were to be attributed to Weber instead of to Fabricius. Since the change involved is one of authorship and date only and does not involve a change of name, I do not anticipate that anyone would consider it necessary for the Commission to use its Plenary Powers in order to suppress Weber’s name for the purpose of validating the same name as used by Fabricius for the same species three years later. I accordingly share the view expressed by the foregoing specialists that this is a case where the normal priority rule can properly be allowed to operate. In the proposals submitted in the present paper I accordingly recommend (Annexe 2) that the name vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil, should, as the oldest name subjectively available for the type species of the genus Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 9. The recommendations which are now submitted for the considera- tion of the Commission are as follows :— (a) that the one-hundred and seventy-three specific names specified in Annexe 1, each of which is the specific name of the type species of a genus of Crustacea Decapoda, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, should now be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 3); _(b) that the nine specific names specified in Annexe 2, each of which is a senior subjective synonym of the specific name of the type species of a genus of Crustacea Decapoda, the name of which 30 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, should now be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 3) ; (c) that in the case of the twelve names specified in Annexe 3, for each of which an incorrect date of publication was cited in the Opinion concerned, the correct date, as shown in Column (3) of the said Annexe, be entered on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (paragraph 5) ; ANNEXE 1 Specific names of type species of genera of Decapod Crustacea now proposed for addition to the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ Specific name Combination in which Name of genus of proposed to be placed name specified in which species on the “‘Official List — Col. 1 was originally specified in Col. 1 of Specific Names in published is the type species Zoology ”’ (1) (2) (3) Opinion 73 gayi Milne Edwards & Acanthocyclus gayi Acanthocyclus Milne Lucas, [1844] Edwards & Lucas, [1844] erosa Miers, [1877] Actaeomorpha erosa Actaeomorpha Miers, [1877] tomentosus Dana, 1852 Actumnus tomentosus Actumnus Dana, 1851 erinaceus Fabricius, Cancer erinaceus Arcania Leach, 1817 1787 sexdentatus Paulson, Archias sexdentatus Archias Paulson, 1875 1875 cribrarius Lamarck, Portunus cribrarius Arenaeus Dana, 1851 1818 integerrimus Lamarck, Cancer integerrimus Atergatis de Haan, 1818 [1833] signatus Adams & Carpilius signatus Atergatopsis Milne White, [1849] Edwards, 1862 armata Milne Banareia armata Banareia Milne Edwards, 1869 Edwards, 1869 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ” (1) picta Milne Edwards, 1848 hemingi Alcock & Anderson, 1899 rouxii Guérin- Ménéville, 1832 maculatus Linnaeus, 1758 tristis Dana, 1852 papulosus Stimpson, [1871] tenuipes Dana, 1852 melanochirus Milne Edwards, 1873 tridentatus Milne Edwards, 1879 chilensis Milne Edwards & Lucas, [1844] pentagonus Stimpson, 1 ornatus Dana, 1852 andreossyi Audouin, [1826] ermita Nobili, 1906 imitatrix Hilgendorf, [1869] hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842 tuberosus Pennant 1777 cubensis Stimpson 9 > cessacii Milne Edwards, 1878 DIRECTION 36 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Bellia picta Benthochascon hemingi Caphyra rouxii Cancer maculatus Carpilodes tristis Car poporus papulosus Carupa tenuipes Chlorodopsis melanochirus Coenophthalmus tridentatus Corystoides chilensis Cryptocnemus pentagonus Cyclodius ornatus Pilumnus andreossyi Dacryopilumnus eremita Deckenia imitatrix Domecia hispida Cancer tuberosus Epilobocera cubensis Epimelus cessacii 31 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Bellia Milne Edwards, 1848 Benthochascon Alcock & Anderson, 1899 Caphyra Guérin- Meénéville, 1832 Carpilius Desmarest, 1823 Carpilodes Dana, 1851 Carpoporus Stimpson, [1871] Carupa Dana, 1851 Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards, 1873 Coenophthalmus Milne Edwards, 1879 Corystoides Milne Edwards & Lucas [1844] Cryptocnemus Stimpson, 1858 Cyclodius Dana, 1851 Cymo de Haan, [1833] Dacryopilumnus Nobili, 1906 Deckenia Hilgendorf, [1869] Domecia Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842 Ebalia Leach, [1817] Epilobocera Stimpson, 1860 Epimelus Milne Edwards, 1878 3D OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific name proposed to be placed on the ‘Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (1) isenbeckii Brandt, 1848 spinosus Rathbun, 1894 dovii Stimpson, 1860 jaquemontii Milne Edwards, 1844 amica Smith, 1869 fallax Henderson, 1893 vesiculosa Alcock, 1896 rotundifrons Milne Edwards, 1867 agilis Milne Edwards, 1872 sublobosa Stimpson, [1871] spongiosus Adams & White, [1849] cylindricus Fabricius, 1777 jurinei Saussure, 1853 polybioides Adams & White, [1849] cumingii Bell, 1855 rotundatus Adams & White, [1849] lambriformis Milne Edwards, 1873 eudactylus Bell, 1855 speciosa Dana, 1852 hardwickii Leach, 1817 dentata Bell, 1855 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Platycorystes (Podacanthus) isenbeckii Erimetopus Spinosus Euphylax dovii Gecarcinucus Jaquemontii Hepatella amica Ebalia fallax Heteronucia vesiculosa Heterozius rotundifrons Hydrothelphusa agilis Tliacantha subglobosa Iphiculus Spongtosus Cancer cylindricus Guaia (Ilia) jurinei Lissocarcinus polybioides Lithadia cumingii Lupocyclus rotundatus Merocryptus lambriformis Myrodes_ eudactylus Nucia speciosa Nursia_ hardwickii Nursilia dentata Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Erimacrus Benedict, 1892 Erimetopus Rathbun, 1894 Euphylax Stimpson, 1860 Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards, 1844 Hepatella Smith, 1869 Heterolithadia Alcock, 1896 Heteronucia Alcock, 1896 Heterozius Milne Edwards, 1867 Hydrothelphusa Milne Edwards, 1872 Tliacantha Stimpson, [1871] Iphiculus Adams & White, [1849] Ixa Leach, 1815 Leucosilia Bell, 1855 Lissocarcinus Adams & White [1849] Lithadia Bell, 1855 Lupocyclus Adams & White [1849] Merocryptus Milne Edwards, 1873 Myrodes Bell, 1855 Nucia Dana, 1852 Nursia Leach, 1817 Nursilia Bell, 1855 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) lamelligera Stimpson, horridus Riippell, 1830 tuberosa Stimpson, [1871] milne-edwardsii Miers, 1886 tridentata Milne Edwards, 1853 orientalis Miers, 1886 alcocki Wood-Mason, 1891 — coronata Alcock & — Anderson, 1894 crassipes Bell, 1855 denticulatus Montagu, 1808 gaudichaudii Milne Edwards, 1837 henslowii Leach, [1820] latipes Pennant, 1777 armatus Milne Edwards, 1853 perlata Milne Edwards, 1837 tridentata Miers, 1879 americana Saussure, 1857 ornata Randall, 1840 nodosus Bell, 1855 DIRECTION 36 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Onychomorpha lamelligera Oreophorus horridus Osachila tuberosa Paracyclois milne-edwardsii Parathelphusa tridentata Lupocyclus (Parathranites) orientalis Parilia alcocki Randallia coronata Phlyxia crassipes Cancer denticulatus Platymera gaudichaudii Polybius henslowii Cancer latipes Potamocarcinus armatus Thelpheusa [sic] perlata Pseudophilyra tridentata Pseudothelphusa americana Ilia ornata Oreophorus nodosus 33 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Onychomorpha Stimpson, 1858 Oreophorus Riippell, 1830 Osachila Stimpson, [1871] Paracyclois Miers, 1886 Parathelphusa Milne Edwards, 1853 Parathranites Miers, 1886 Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891 Pariphiculus Alcock, 1896 Phlyxia Bell, 1855 Pirimela Leach, [1816] Platymera Milne Edwards, 1837 Polybius Leach, [1820] Portumnus [Leach], [1814] Potamocarcinus Milne Edwards, 1853 Potamonautes Macleay, 1838 Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 Pseudothelphusa Saussure, 1857 Randallia Stimpson, Speloeophorus Milne Edwards, 1865 34 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) bedoti Zehnter, 1894 serratus Forskal, 1775 admete Herbst, [1803] quadridens Milne Edwards, 1869 danae Milne Edwards, 1869 muriger Adams & White, [1849] corallinus Faxon, 1893 fluviatilis Latreille, [1828] nobile Milne Edwards, 1880 serrata White, 1847 parvula Stimpson, 1858 inaequipes Stimpson, typhlus Milne Edwards, 1880 sexdentatum Stimpson, 1858 coppingeri Miers, 1884 nitidus Milne Edwards, 1870 ciliatus Stimpson, 1858 typicus Rathbun, 1898 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Sphaerocarcinus bedoti Cancer serratus Cancer admete Thalamitoides quadridens Goniosoma danae Tlos muriger Trachycarcinus corallinus Trichodactylus fluviatilis Trichopeltarion nobile Valdivia serrata Opinion 85 Acmaeopleura parvula Asthenognathus inaequipes Bathyplax typhlus Camptandrium sexdentatum Camptoplax coppingeri Catoptrus nitidus Ceratoplax ciliatus Chasmocarcinus typicus OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Sphaerocarcinus Zehnter, 1894 Scylla de Haan, [1833] Thalamita Latreille, 1829 Thalamitoides Milne Edwards, 1869 Thalamonyx Milne Edwards, 1873 Tlos Adams & White, [1849] Trachycarcinus Faxon, Trichodactylus Latreille, [1828] Trichopeltarion Milne Edwards, 1880 Valdivia White, 1847 Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 Bathyplax Milne Edwards, 1880 Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 Camptoplax Miers, 1884 Catroptrus Milne Edwards, 1870 Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) balansae Milne Edwards, 1873 angulatus Dana, 1851 nitidus Smith, 1870 carinipes de Man, 1889 liguricus Milne Edwards, 1853 crenatus de Haan, [1835] agassizii Milne Edwards, 1880 crassimanus Dana, 1851 deplanatus Cano, 1889 nitidus Stimpson, 1859 limosa Say, 1818 subquadrata Dana, 1851 bispinosus Herbst, [1783] tridens Kreyer, 1837 impressus Smith, 1870 pugnax Smith, 1870 bicornis Gray, 1831 fragifer de Haan, [1835] tridens de Haan, [1835] DIRECTION 36 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Clistocoeloma balansae Cyrtograpsus angulatus Dissodactylus nitidus Durckheimia carinipes Euchirograpsus liguricus Cancer (Eucrate) crenatus Eucratodes agassiZil Eucrate crassimanus Euryetisus deplanatus Euryplax nitidus Cancer limosa Fabia subquadrata Cancer bispinosus Geryon tridens Glyptograpsus impressus Glyptoplax pugnax Gomeza_ bicornis Cancer (Halimede) fragifer Ocypode (Helice) tridens 35 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards, 1873 Cryrtograpsus Dana, 1851 Dissodactylus Smith, Durckheimia de Man, 1889 Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards, 1853 Eucrate de Haan, [1835] Eucratodes Milne Edwards, 1880 Eucratopsis Smith, 1869 Euryetisus Cano, 1889 Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 Fabia Dana, 1851 Galene de Haan, [1833] Geryon Kregyer, 1837 Glyptograpsus Smith, 1870 Glyptoplax Smith, 1870 Gomeza Gray, 1831 Halimede de Haan, [1835] Helice de Haan, [1833] 36 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Specific name proposed to be placed on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ” (1) lugubris Alcock, 1899 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Hephthopelta lugubris sexpes Fabricius, 1798 Cancer sexpes haematocheir de Haan, Grapsus (Pachysoma) [1835] trapeziformis Nauck, rodgersii Stimpson, 1858 exaratus Milne Edwards, 1834 rubromaculatus de Haan, [1833] nitidus Milne Edwards, 1867 cinctimanus White, [1849] leeanus Rathbun, 1898 bispinosa Kinahan, 1856 bella Stimpson, 1860 dilatipes Adams & White, [1849] tesselatus Latreille, 1812 thalamita Stimpson, [1871] rousseauxi Milne Edwards, 1853 truncatus Stimpson, 1860 sculptipes Stimpson, [1871] haematocheir Holothuriophilus trapeziformis Lachnopodus rodgersii Chlorodius exaratus Cancer (Liagore) rubromaculatus Libystes nitidus Car pilius cinctimanus Lipaesthesius leeanus Litocheira bispinosa Xantho bella Pilumnus dilatipes Grapsus tesselatus Melybia thalamita Metasesarma rousseauxi Metopocarcinus truncatus Micropanope sculptipes Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 Hexapus de Haan, [1833] Holometopus Milne Edwards, 1853 Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 Leptodius Milne Edwards, 1863 Liagore de Haan, [1833] Libystes Milne Edwards, 1867 Liomera Dana, 1851 Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 Lophopilumnus Miers, Lybia Milne Edwards, 1834 Melybia Stimpson, [1871] Metasesarma Milne Edwards, 1853 Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1860] Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] Specific name proposed to be placed on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) nitidus Milne Edwards, 1873 granulatus Rathbun, macgillivrayi White, 1852 transversus Rathbun, 1893 microps Alcock & Anderson, 1894 depressa Stimpson, [1871] neapolitana Kossmann, 1878 euagora de Man, 1895 roseus Nobili, 1906 planissimus Herbst, [1804] excelsus Heller, 1862 perlatus Poeppig, 1836 hirtellus Linnaeus, 1761 hirtipes Heller, [1865] cylindricum Say, 1818 laevigata Milne Edwards & Lucas [1844] pisum Linnaeus, 1767 DIRECTION 36 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Notonyx nitidus Oediplax granulatus Ommatocarcinus macgillivrayi Opisthopus transversus Xanthodes microps Panoplax depressa Paragalene neapolitana Parapanope euagora Parapleurophrycoides roseus Cancer planissimus Perigrapsus excelsus Hepatus perlatus Cancer hirtellus Pinnaxodes hirtipes Pinnotheres cylindricum Pinnotherelia laevigata Cancer pisum 37 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Notonyx Milne Edwards, 1873 Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 Ommatocarcinus White, 1852 Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] Paragalene Kossman, 1878 Parapanope de Man, 1895 Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 Percnon Gistl, 1848 Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 Pilumnoides Milne Edwards & Lucas, [1844] Pilumnus Leach, 1815 Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] Pinnixa White, 1846 Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards & Lucas [1844] Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] 38 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) spectabilis de Man, gracilipes Alcock, 1894 orbignyi Milne Edwards & Lucas [1844] cupulifer Latreille, 1825 spinicarpus Milne Edwards, 1852 gigas Lamarck, 1818 carinata Ortmann, 1894 quadridentata Latreille, 1825 stridulans Wood- Mason, 1892 glaber Stimpson, 1858 granulosus Milne Edwards, 1879 harrisii Gould, 1841 gracilipes Stimpson, 1858 convexus Milne Edwards, 1867 crassum Dana, 1851 spinosipes Stimpson, granulatus Rathbun, 1893 carolinensis Stimpson, 1859 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Platychirograpsus spectabilis Platypilumnus gracilipes Xantho orbignyi Pilumnus cupulifer Prionoplax Spinicarpus Cancer gigas Pseudopinnixa carinata Melia quadridentata Psopheticus stridulans Ptychognathus glaber Pyxidognathus granulosus Pilumnus harrisii Rhizopa gracilipes Ruppellioides convexus Samartium crassum Scalopidia Spinosipes Scleroplax granulatus Speocarcinus carolinensis OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name of genus of which species specified in Col. 1 is the type species (3) Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 Platyxanthus Milne Edwards, 1863 Polydectus Milne Edwards, 1837 Prionoplax Milne Edwards, 1852 Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards, 1834 Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards, 1837 Psopheticus Wood- Mason, 1892 Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858 Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards, 1879 Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 Ruppellioides Milne Edwards, 1867 Samartium Dana, 1851 Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859 Specific name proposed to be placed on the ‘Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) nitidus Stimpson, 1858 bidentatus Milne Edwards, 1880 scabripes Rathbun, 1898 anomalipes Miers, 1881 gracilipes White, 1847 litteratus Fabricius, 1798 murigera White, 1846 sternberghii Stimpson, moebii Richters, 1880 pinnotheroides White, 1846 aeneus Linnaeus, 1758 carinipes Heller, 1861 pagurus Linnaeus, 1758 norvegicus Linnaeus, 1758 annulicornis Leach, 1815 DIRECTION 36 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Sphaerozius nitidus Xanthodes bidentatus Tetrias scabripes Thaumastoplax anomalipes Utica gracilipes Cancer litteratus Xanthasia murigera Xanthodius sternberghii Xenophthalmodes moebii Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides Cancer aeneus Zozymodes carinipes Opinion 104 Cancer pagurus Cancer norvegicus Pandalus annulicornis 39 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 Thaumastoplax Miers, Utica White, 1847 Varuna Milne Edwards, 1830 Xanthasia White, 1846 Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 Xenophthalmus White, 1846 Zosimus Leach, 1823 Zozymodes Heller, 1861 Cancer Linnaeus, 1758 Nephrops {Leach}, [1814] Pandalus Leach, 1815 40 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 2 Specific names of nine nominal species which are subjectively identified with nominal species of later date which are the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Specific name proposed to be placed on the <“ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology””. (1) savignyi (correction of savignii) Milne Edwards, 1834, as pub- lished in the combination Cancer savignii. punctatus Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Cancer punctatus. vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil. cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, as published in the combination Cancer cheiragonus. Remarks (not for inclusion in the entry to be made in the Official List) (2) The name savignyi Milne Edwards, 1834, is a senior subjective syno- nym of granulatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus, the specific name of the type species of Actaea de Haan, [1833]. The name punctatus Linnaeus, 1767, is a senior subjective synonym of /atrei/li Leach, 1817, as published in the combination Persephona lIatreilli, the specific name of the type species of Persephona Leach, 1817. The name vigil Weber, 1795, is a senior subjective synonym of spinosus Lamarck, 1801, as pub- lished in the combination Podophthalmus [sic] spinosus, the specific name of the type species of Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801. The name cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, is a senior subjective synonym of serratus White, 1846, as published in the com- bination Telmessus serratus, the specific name of the type species of Telmessus White, 1846. DIRECTION 36 4| Specific name proposed to be placed on the “ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology’’. (1) frontalis Milne Edwards, 1834, as published in the combina- tion Ozius frontalis. rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer rhomboides. barbiger Poeppig, 1836, as pub- lished in the combination Gecarcinus barbiger. minutus Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the combination Cancer minutus. superba Costa, 1838, as pub- lished in the combination Portunus superba. Remarks (not for inclusion in the entry to be made in the Official List) (2) The name frontalis Milne Edwards, 1834, is a senior subjective synonym of kotschii Heller, 1861, as published in the combination Epixanthus kotschii, the specific name of the type species of Epixanthus Heller, 1861. The name rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, is a senior subjective synonym of bispinosa Lamarck, 1801, as published in the com- bination Ocypoda [sic] bispinosa, the specific name of the type species of Goneplax [Leach], (1814). The name barbiger Poeppig, 1836, is a senior subjective synonym of hirtipes Milne Edwards & Lucas, [1844], as published in the com- bination Paraxanthus hirtipes, the specific name of the type species of Paraxanthus Milne Edwards & Lucas, [1844]. The name minutus Linnaeus, 1758, is a senior subjective synonym of clypeatus Bowditch, 1825, as published in the combination Planes clypeatus, the specific name of the type species of Planes Bowditch, 1825. The name superba Costa, 1838, is a senior subjective synonym of longispina Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Bathynectes longispina, the specific name of the type species of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871]. 42 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 3 Correction of the date given for certain specific names in ‘** Opinions ’’ 73 and 85 Specific Name Date cited in Corrected concerned the *‘ Opinion”? date (1) (2) (3) Opinion 73 rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, as pub- lished in the combination Caphyra rouxii 1830 1832 amica Smith, ‘as published in the combination Hepatella amica .. 1870 1869 signatus Adams & White, as pub- lished in the combination C Has signatus.. 1848 [1849] spongiosus Adams & White, as pub- lished in the combination [phiculus . spongiosus . . ap a oS 1848 [1849] polybioides Adams & White, as published in the combination Lissocarcinus polybioides 1848 [1849] rotundatus Adams & White, as published in_ the combination Lupocyclus rotundatus.. 1848 [1849] muriger Adams & White, as pub- lished in the combination T/os muriger 1848 [1849] fluviatilus Latreille, as s published i in the combination Trichodactylus fluviatilis .. efi ne Be 1825 [1828] Opinion 85 cinctimanus Adams & White, as published in the combination Carpilius cinctimanus _.. 1848 [1849] laevigata Milne Edwards & Lucas, as published in the combination Pinnotherelia laevigata .. 1843 [1844] orbignyi Milne Edwards & Lucas, as published in the combination Xantho orbignyi .. 1843 [1844] tesselatus Latreille, as pubtghea in the combination Gr apsus tesselatus 1818 1812 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of placing on the Official DIRECTION 36 43 List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names of species of the Order Decapoda specified therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 985. IlL—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 : On 19th September 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)27) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names referred to in Sections (a) and (b) of paragraph 9 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 985 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as there recommended and that the other action recommended in the said paragraph be similarly approved ” and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. Withdrawal of the proposals in regard to three of the specific names submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 in order to permit of a further study of the issues involved in regard thereto : On 7th October 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 985 a Minute withdrawing from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 the proposals submitted in regard to three of the specific names dealt with therein, in order to permit of a re-examination of the issues involved in the light of additional information which had just been received. In the same Minute Mr. Hemming drew attention also to the inadvertent omission from the proposals submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper of a recommendation for the addition to 44 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology of an Invalid Original Spelling of one of the specific names recommended therein for addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Mr. Hemming’s Minute was in the following terms :— Withdrawal of proposals relating to three specific names from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In the case of three specific names on which proposals were submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 additional information now furnished by Dr. L. B. Holthuis calls for further study of the action required in these cases before decisions are taken thereon by the Com- mission. The names concerned are the specific names of the type species of the following genera: (1) Portumnus [Leach], [1814]; (2) Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] ; (3) Pandalus Leach, 1815. 2. Accordingly, as Secretary to the Commission, I hereby withdraw from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper the proposals submitted therein in regard to the specific names referred to above. I further direct that the issues which have now come to light in regard to these names be studied on the under-mentioned Registered Files and that proposals regarding these names be submitted to the Commission as soon as possible :—(a) Z.N.(S.) 1028 (Pandalus)?; (b) Z.N.(S.) 1029 (Pinnotheres)® ; (c) Z.N.(S.) 1031 (Portumnus).’ 3. I take this opportunity to draw attention to the fact that through some inadvertence the proposal submitted on the foregoing Voting Paper for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific name savignyi Milne Edwards (H.), as published in the combination Cancer savignii, was not accompanied by a corresponding recommendation for the addition of the Invalid Original Spelling savignii to the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Having regard to the fact that in a case such as this the addition of the above name to the Official Index is obligatory under the General Directives issued to the Commission by the International Congresses of Zoology, I, as Secretary, hereby direct that a proposal in the foregoing sense be ‘deemed to have been included in the Voting Paper referred to above. 5 A decision has since been taken on this case and has been embodied in Direction 47, which will be published in the present Section (Section D) of Volume 1. 6 A decision has since been taken on this case and has been embodied in Direction 45, which will be published in the present Section of Volume 1. * An application for the settlement of this case by the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers has since been published (Holthuis, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 99—105 ; Hemming, 1956, ibid, 12 : 105—106). DIRECTION 36 45 5. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 19th October 1955. 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Boschma ; Holthuis; Stoll; Mayr; Riley ; Sylvester- Bradley ; Vokes ; Hering ; Jaczewski ; Prantl ; Lemche ; Mertens ; Bonnet ; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Esaki; Key ; Dymond; Cabrera; Hemming; Miller®; Bradley ; (J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Tortonese ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bodenheimer ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On Ist November 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 6 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 22nd December 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a 8 Commissioner Miller exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view or the majority view, of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50—S51). 46 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS © Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27, subject (a) to the withdrawal therefrom of the proposals relating to the three specific names specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 7th October 1955, and (b) to the inclusion in the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology of a specific name specified in the same Minute which had been rejected by the Commission as being objectively invalid in its Vote on the above Voting Paper. The text of the Minute executed by the Secretary on 7th October 1955 has been repro- duced in paragraph 4 of the present Direction. 9. Original references : The original references for the specific names placed on the Official List and Official Index by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in con- nection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the nominal species bearing the names concerned being either (i) the type species of genera, the names of which have been inscribed on that List or (ii) or nominal species which are currently subjectively identified as representing the same taxa as those represented by nominal species which are the type species of such genera. 10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Six (36) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Second day of December, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING eS ee ee Printed in England by MretcaLtFe & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.2. Pp. 47—82 DIRECTION 37 Completion of the entries relating to the names of certain genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 he, — LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Twenty-four Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued \st September, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 37 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary ;: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) _B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LeMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZESWKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuurs (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MiILLer (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiNHELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTENESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 37 COMPLETION OF THE ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF CERTAIN GENERA OF THE ORDER DECAPODA (CLASS CRUSTACEA) PLACED ON THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY”? IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The following particulars relating to the _ determination under Article 30 of the Régles of the type species of the under-mentioned genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, are hereby inserted in the said Official List :— (a) Type species by original designation (Rule (a)) : (1) Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 ; (2) Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 ; (3) Geryon Kroyer, 1837; (4) Glyptograpsus Smith (S.I.), 1870 ; (5) Goneplax [Leach], [1814] ; (6) Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 ; (7) Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 ; (8) Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ; (b) Type species by original aoe (Rule (a)) through the formula “n.g., n.sp.’ (1) Durckheimia de Man, 1889 ; (2) Euryetisus Cano, 1889 ; (3) Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 ; ISEP © © 1956 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] ; (5) Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 ; (6) Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 ; (7) Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 ; (8) Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 ; (c) Type species by monotypy (Rule (c)) : (1) Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 ; (2) Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 ; (3) Bathyplax Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 ; (4) Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 ; (5) Camptoplax Miers, 1884 ; (6) Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.),-. 1870 ; (7) Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 ; (8) Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833] ; (9) Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 ; (10) Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 ; (11) Dissodactylus Smith (S.I.), 1870 ; (12) Epixanthus Heller, 1861 ; (13) Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; (14) Eucrate de Haan, [1835] ; (15) Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 ; (16) Eucratopsis Smith (S.1.), 1869 ; (17) Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 ; (18) Fabia Dana, 1851 ; (19) Galene de Haan, [1833] ; (20) Glyptoplax Smith (S.I.), 1870 ; (21) Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831 ; DIRECTION 37 51 (22) Halimede de Haan, [1835] ; (23) Helice de Haan, [1833] ; (24) Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 ; (25) Hexapus de Haan, [1833] ; (26) Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; (27) Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 ; (28) Leptodius Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 ; (29) Liagore de Haan, [1833] ; (30) Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 ; (31) Liomera Dana, 1851 ; (32) Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 ; (33) Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 ; (34) Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 ; (35) Melybia Stimpson, [1871] ; (36) Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ; (37) Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1860] ; (38) Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] ; (39) Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 ; (40) Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 ; (41) Ommatocarcinus White, 1852 ; (42) Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 ; (43) Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 ; (44) Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] ; (45) Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 ; (46) Parapanope de Man, 1895 ; (47) Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 ; (48) saan Ne Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, 3 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (49) Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 ; (50) Pilumnoides Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844] ; (51) Pilumnus Leach, 1815 ; (52) Pinnixa White, 1846 ; (53) Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844] ; (54) Planes Bowditch, 1825 ; (55) Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 ; (56) Polydectus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ; (57) Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852 ; (58) Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 ; (59) Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 ; (60) Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858 ; (61) Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879 ; (62) Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 ; (63) Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 ; (64) Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 ; (65) Samartium Dana, 1851 ; (66) Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 ; (67) Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 ; (68) Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859 ; (69) Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 ; (70) Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 ; (71) Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 ; (72) Utica White, 1847 ; (73) Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 ; (74) Xanthasia White, 1846 ; DIRECTION 37 53 (75) Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 ; (76) Xenophthalmus White, 1846 ; (77) Zosimus Leach, 1823 ; (78) Zozymodes Heller, 1861 ; (d) Type species by subsequent selection (Rule (g)) : (1) aS Gistl, 1848 : by selection by Rathbun l ° oe b (2) Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 : by selection by Miers (1886). (2) The type species of the under-mentioned genera were selected under Rule (g)in Article 30 by Miss Mary Rathbun in the application which formed the basis of, and which was reproduced in, Opinion 73 published in 1922 (Smith- son. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1)) and it is hereby directed that a note to the above effect be entered in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the page references for the type selections so made being as specified below :— (a) Actaea de Haan, [1833] (: 26) ; (b) Actumnus Dana, 1851 (: 26) ; (c) Atergatis de Haan, [1833] (: 26) ; (d) Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (: 26) ; (e) Cyclodius Dana, 1851 (: 26) ; (f) Ebalia Leach, [1817] (: 26) ; (g) Lliacantha Stimpson, [1871] (: 27) ; (h) Pariphiculus Alcock, 1896 (: 27) ; (1) Persephona Leach, 1817 (: 28) ; (j) Phlyxia Bell, 1855 (: 28) ; (k) Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 (: 28) ; (1) Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 (: 28) ; 54 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (m) Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 (: 28) ; (n) Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (: 28). (3) It is hereby directed that the corrections specified below be made in the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the under-mentioned generic names made by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally cited below :— (a) Bathynectes Stimpson (Opinion 73): The date for this name is to be cited as [1871] and not as 1871. (b) Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Opinion 73): The incorrect statement that Bathynectes longispina Stimpson, [1871], became the type species of the above genus by original designation is to be deleted and to be replaced by the entry that this species became the type species by monotypy. (c) Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville (Opinion 73): The in- correct entries relating to the date and place of publication of the above generic name and its type species are to be deleted and the following revised entries are to be substituted therefor :-— (a) Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris 25(99) : 285 ; (b) Caphyra rouxii Guérin-Meénéville, 1832, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris 25(99) : 287. (d) Hepatella Smith and Hepatella amica Smith (Opin- ion 73): The incorrect entry “1870” relating to the date of publication of the above names is to be deleted and the date “ July 1869 ” (printed on the Part (Part 5) of volume 3 of the American Naturalist in which these names were published) is to be substituted therefor. (e) Five generic names by Bell (T.) published in 1855 (Opinion 73) : The under-mentioned generic names DIRECTION 37 55 by Bell (T.) were first published in 1855 not in volume 21 of the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (the reference cited in Opinion 73) but in volume 2 of the Proceedings of the above Society, and the entries relating to these names are to be amended accordingly, the pages on which these names appeared being as specified below :— (a) Leucosilia Bell, 1855 (: 431) ; (b) Lithadia Bell, 1855 (: 434) ; (c) Myrodes Bell, 1855 (: 432) ; (d) Nursilia Bell, 1855 (: 434) ; (e) Phlyxia Bell, 1855 (: 433). (f) Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 (Opinion 73): For reasons similar to those specified in relation to the generic names enumerated in (e) above the incorrect entry (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 21) given for the name Oreophorus nodosus Bell (T.), 1855 (name of type species of Speloeo- phorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865) is to be deleted and the following revised entry to be inserted in its place :—Oreophorus nodosus Bell (T.), 1855, Proc. linn. Soc. Lond. 2 : 434. (g) Correction of date attributed to certain names published in Part 2 of the Crustacea Section of Arthur White's “‘ The Voyage of H.M.S. Sama- rang’? (Opinion 73): The date “1848” in- correctly attributed to the under-mentioned names published in Part 2 of the Crustacea Section of White (A.), The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang (which commenced at page 33) is to be deleted and the date “1849” is to be inserted in its place :— (a) Carpilius signatus Adams & White, [1849] (: 37) (type species of Atergatopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1862) ; OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (6) Iphiculus Adams & White, [1849] (: 57) ; (c) Iphiculus spongiosus Adams & White, [1849] (: 57) (type species of Iphiculus Adams & White, [1849]) ; (d) Lissocarcinus Adams & White, [1849] (: 45) ; (e) Lissocarcinus polybioides Adams & White, [1849] (: 46) (type species of Lissocarcinus Adams & White, [1849]) ; (f) Lupocyclus Adams & White, [1849) (: 46) ; (g) Lupocyclus rotundatus Adams & White, [1849] (: 47) (type species of Lupocyclus Adams & White, [1849]) ; (h) Tlos Adams & White, [1849] (: 57) ; (i) Tlos muriger Adams & White, [1849] (: 58) (type species of ZJ/os Adams & White, [1849]). (h) Trichodactylus Latreille (Opinion 73) : The incorrect entry of the date of publication of the above name as “ 1825” is to be deleted and the date ** 1828 ” (the date of publication of Part 2 of the Crustacea Section of the Ency. méth., in which this name first appeared) is to be inserted in its place. (i) Cymo de Haan, [1833] (Opinion 73) : The incorrect entry of the date of publication of the name Pilumnus andreossyi Audouin (the type species of Cymo,de, Haan,. (1833), as - le2>, 5 18 10.4be deleted and the date ‘‘ [1826] ”’ is to be inserted in its place. (j) Scylla de Haan, [1833] (Opinion 73) : The incorrect entry that Cancer serratus Forskal, 1775, is the type species of Scylla de Haan, [1833], by mono- typy is to be deleted and is to be replaced by an entry that the above species is the type species DIRECTION 37 a7 of the foregoing genus by selection by Rathbun (1922, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : 28). (k) Correction of date attributed to certain names published in the Crustacea Section of d’ Orbigny’s ‘“* Voyage dans Il’ Amerique Méridionale ”’ (Opinion 85): The date “‘ 1843’ incorrectly attributed to the under-mentioned names published in the Crustacea Section of d’Orbigny’s Voyage dans l’ Amerique Méridionale is to be deleted and the date ‘‘ [1844] ” inserted in its place :-— (a) Paraxanthus Lucas, [1844] ; (b) Pilumnoides Lucas, [1844] ; (c) Pinnotherelia Lucas, [1844] ; (1) Nephrops [Leach] (Opinion 104): The incorrect entry of the date of publication of the above name as “1815” is to be deleted and the date “1814” (in which year the foregoing name was published in an anonymous paper of Leach’s in Part 2 of volume 7 of Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclo- paedia) is to be inserted in its place, the revised entry to be made being as follows :—Nephrops [Leach], [1814], in Brewster’s Edinburgh Ency. 7(2) : 398—400. (4) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (i) Acanthocyclus Dybowski, 1873 (a junior homo- nym of Acanthocyclus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844]) (Name No. 461) ; (11) Acanthopus Oken, 1816 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 462) ; (iii) Acanthopus Dahl, 1823 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 463) ; 58 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (iv) Acanthopus Latreille, 1829 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 464) ; (v) Acanthopus de Haan, [1835] (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 465) ; (vi) Acanthopus Muenster, 1839 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 466) ; (vii) Acanthopus Giebel, 1872 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 467) ; (viii) Acanthopus Vernet, 1877 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) (Name No. 468) ; (ix) Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884 (a junior homo- nym of Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 (Name No. 469) ; (x) Asthenognathus Broom, 1915 (a junior homonym of Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858) (Name No. 470) ; (xi) Bathynectes Guenther, 1878 (a junior homonym of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Name No. 471) ; (xil) Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913 (a junior homonym of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871] (Name No. 472) ; (xiii) Bellia Bate, 1851 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848) (Name No. 473) ; (xiv) Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848) (Name No. 474) ; (xv) Bellia Tutt, 1902 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848) (Name No. 475) ; (xvi) Caphyra Barrande, 1846 (a junior homonym of Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832 (Name No. 476) ; (xvii) Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 477) ; DIRECTION 37 59 (xviii) Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867 (a junior homo- nym of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851) (Name No. 8 . 9 (xix) Eucrate Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 479) ; (xx) Euryplax Klapalek, 1909 (a junior homonym of Euryplax Stimpson, 1859) (Name No. 480) ; (xxl) Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards (H.), 1844) (Name No. 481) ; (xxil) Goneplat [Leach], [1814] (an Invalid Original Spelling for Goneplax [Leach], [1814]) (Name No. 482) ; (xxiil) Gonoplax Leach, 1815 (an Invalid Emendation of Goneplax [Leach], [1814]) (Name No. 483) ; (xxiv) Halimede Rathke, 1843 (a junior homonym of Halimede de Haan, [1835]) (Name No. 484) ; (xxv) Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922 (a junior homonym of Halimede de Haan, [1835)]) (Name No. 485) ; (xxvil) Helice Chambers, 1873 (a junior homonym of Helice de Haan, [1833]) (Name No. 486) ; (xxvil) Holometopus Angelin, 1854 (a junior homonym of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853) (Name No. 487) ; (xxviii) Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 (a junior homonym of MHomalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) (Name No. 488) ; (xxix) Homalaspis Kaier, 1932 (a junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) (Name No. 489) ; (xxx) Homarus Broun, 1881 (a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795) (Name No. 490) ; 60 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xxx) Iphiculus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 491); (xxxil) Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835 (a junior homonym of Iphis Leach, 1817) (Name No. 492) ; (xxxill) Jphis Laporte, 1836 (a junior homonym of Iphis Leach, 1817) (Name No. 493) ; (xxxiv) Liagora Gistl, 1848 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling of Liagore de Haan, [1833]) (Name No. 494) ; (xxxv) Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1847 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 495) ; (xxxvi) Lupocyclus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 496) ; (xxxvil) Persephona Leach, 1852 (a junior homonym of Persephona Leach, 1817) (Name No. 497) ; (xxxvill) Pilumnus Rafinesque, 1815 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 498) ; (xxxix) Pilumnus Dejean, 1821 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 499) ; (xl) Pilumnus Koch (C.L.), 1837 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 500) ; (xli) Pilumnus Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 501) ; (xlii) Pilumnus Bonaparte, 1854 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815) (Name No. 502) ; (xliii) Planes Saussure, 1862 (a junior homonym of Planes Bowditch, 1825) (Name No. 503) ; (xliv) Planes Rondani, 1864 (a junior homonym of Planes Bowditch, 1825) (Name No. 504) ; (xlv) Podacanthus Brandt, 1848 (a junior homonym of Podacanthus Gray (J.E.), 1833) (Name No. 505 b) DIRECTION 37 61 (xlvi) Podophtalmus Lamarck, 1801 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801) (Name No. 506) ; (xlvii) Polydectus Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 507) ; (xlviii) Pseudopinnixa Holmes, 1895 (a junior homonym of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894) (Name No. 508) ; (xlix) Ptychognathus Owen, 1860 (a junior homonym of Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858) (Name No. 509) ; (1) Telmessus Stal, 1866 (a junior homonym of Telmessus White, 1846) (Name No. 510) ; (li) Tlos White, 1847 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. SEB ee (lit) Trichodactylus Dufour, 1839 (a junior homonym of Trichodactylus Latreille, 1828) (Name No. 512), (li1) Utica Hewitson, [1865] (a junior homonym of Utica White, 1847) (Name No. 513) ; (liv) Valdivia Ragonot, 1888 (a junior homonym of Valdivia White, 1847) (Name No. 514) ; (lv) Valdivia Shannon, 1927 (a junior homonym of Valdivia White, 1847) (Name No. 515) ; (Ilvi) Zosimus Schaufuss, 1886 (a junior homonym of Zosimus Leach, 1825) (Name No. 516) ; (lvii) Zozymus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (an Erro- neous Subsequent Spelling for Zosimus Leach, 1825) (Name No. 517). (5) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (i) granulatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus (a junior 62 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer granulatus) (Name No. 336) ; (ii) pennanti Leach, [1817], as published in the com- bination Ebalia pennanti (a junior objective synonym of tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as pub- lished in the combination Cancer tuberosus) (Name No. 337) ; (111) tresselata Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Lybia tresselata (an Errone- ous Subsequent Spelling for tesselatus Latreille, 1812, as published in the combination Grapsus tesselatus) (Name No. 338) ; (iv) jurinii Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Leucosilia jurinii (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the combination Guaia (Ilia) jurinei) (Name No. 339) ; (v) vigil Fabricius, 1798, as published in the com- bination Portunus vigil (a junior objective syno- nym of vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil) (Name No. 340). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “DIRECTION. The present Direction is the third of a series containing decisions by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in regard to names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 taken by the International Commission under General Directives issued to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, with the object of completing the entries made on the Official List in the foregoing period. The first of the Directions already rendered (Direction 11) contained decisions by the Commission as to the gender to be attributed to the generic names in question, while the second DIRECTION 37 —663 of these Directions (Direction 36) was concerned with the placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of the foregoing genera in all cases where those names were the oldest available for the species concerned and, in other cases, of the specific names subjectively considered to be the oldest available for the species in question. The present _ Direction is concerned with various miscellaneous matters on which decisions by the Commission are needed in order to enable it to comply fully with the General Directives referred to above. Apart from a few names which have been reserved for separate consideration, the present Direction, coupled with its two pre- decessors, completes the action required in the case of the names of genera of the Order Decapoda placed on the Official List in the period under review. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions embodied in the present Direction were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 19th September 1955 :— Names of genera of the Order Decapoda in the Class Crustacea placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 : proposed determination of certain out- standing matters additional to those dealt with in the proposals submitted with in Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 and V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains a final instalment of proposals relating to the names of genera of the Order Decapoda in the Class Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936. The two earlier instalments were concerned respectively with the determin- ation of the gender to be attributed to the generic names concerned (proposals submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6) and with the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of the genera in question (proposals sub- mitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27). The present paper is concerned with various other matters on which decisions by the Commission are required before this large block of entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology can be regarded as having 64 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS been brought up to the standard required for inclusion in the forth- coming volume containing particulars of all names so far placed on the Official List. 2. The first point which calls for note is that, whereas in Opinions 73 and 104 some information (though often of a meagre character) was given on the question of how the species there cited as the type species of the genera concerned acquired that status under Article 30 of the Régles, no information of any sort bearing on this subject was provided in respect of the ninety-eight genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85. In the case of these names it has been necessary to examine the book or serial in which each was published in order to ascertain whether the species cited in Opinion 85 was one of the included species and whether that species was there either designated or indicated as the type species. In those cases where none of the included species was so designated or indicated, it was necessary, in conjunction with interested specialists, to examine the later literature for the purpose of ascertaining by whom, when and where one of the originally included species was first selected to be the type species of the genus concerned. The results of these laborious investigations are set out in Annexe 1 to the present paper. 3. It is necessary next to note that in the case of fourteen names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73, the only note given as to the manner in which the type species of the genera concerned had been determined under Article 30 was the insertion of the formula “‘ tpd ”’, i.e. type by present designation. Since these type selections have sometimes been attri- buted to the Commission, it should be noted that the portion of the Opinion in which this formula is used consists of the application sub- mitted to the Commission by Miss Mary Rathbun, the applicant, to whom therefore these type selections are attributable. The names concerned are the following :—Actaea ; Actumnus ; Atergatis ; Chloro- dopsis ; Cyclodius ; Ebalia; Iliacantha ; Pariphiculus ; Persephona ; Phlyxia ; Pseudophilyra ; Speloeophorus ; Thalamitoides ; Thalamonyx. 4. In a number of cases wrong dates or erroneous attributions for generic names were given in the Opinions in which the names concerned were placed upon the Official List. The necessary corrections are set out in Annexe 2 to the present paper. In the same Annexe particulars are given also regarding the dates of publication of certain books which were issued in Parts and which therefore present certain diffi- culties in dating. 5. Annexe 3 gives particulars of certain objectively invalid names which are involved in one way or another with the names of genera DIRECTION 37 65 placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 and which under the General Directives issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology should now be placed on the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names. This Annexe is divided into two Sections : Section A which contains a list of invalid generic names, Section B, which contains a list of invalid specific names. 6. Although the number of generic names of the Order Decapoda placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 is large, the genera concerned are in many cases closely allied to one another. In consequence, the number of family-group names involved is relatively small. These names are now being investigated and pro- posals in regard to them will be submitted in due course. 7. The proposals now submitted are that, in accordance with the Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology, the Commission should complete the Rulings in relation to the names of genera in the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936 by :— (a) entering on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the particulars specified in Annexe 1 regarding the manner in which type species for the genera there enumerated were determined under Article 30 of the Régles ; (b) taking note that the type species for the genera specified in paragraph 3 above were selected under Rule (g) in Article 30 by Miss Mary Rathbun in her application to the Commission published in Opinion 73 ; (c) entering on the foregoing Official List the corrections, specified in Annexe 2, of wrong dates and erroneous attributions given in the Opinions in which generic names of Decapoda were placed on that List ; (d) placing on the Official Index of Rejected-and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the generic names specified in Section A of Annexe 3 and on the corresponding Official Index of specific names the specific names specified in Section B of that Annexe. 8. The proposals now submitted complete the action required for the completion and, where necessary, the correction, of entries relating to the names of genera of Decapoda placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, except as regards two names which are being further investigated and on which proposals will be submitted to the Commission as soon as possible. 66 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 1 Particulars as to the determination, under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ”’, of the type species of certain genera in the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Ofiicial List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Name of Genus (1) Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 Bathyplax Milne Edwards, 1880 Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 Camptoplax Miers, 1884 Catoptrus Milne Edwards, 1870 Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833] Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards, - 1873 Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 Dissodactylus Smith, 1870 Durckheimia de Man, 1889 Epixanthus Heller, 1861 Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards, 1853 Eucrate de Haan, [1835] Eucratodes Milne Edwards, 1880 Eucratopsis Smith, 1869 Euryetisus Cano, 1889 Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 Fabia Dana, 1851 Galene de Haan, [1833] Geryon Kr@yer, 1837 Glyptograpsus Smith, 1870 Glyptoplax Smith, 1870 Gomeza Gray, 1831 Goneplax [Leach], [1814] Entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus specified in Col. | now proposed to be inserted in the “Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (2) by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by original designation by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by original designation through the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’ by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by original designation through the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’ by monotypy by original designation by monotypy by monotypy by original designation by original designation by monotypy by monotypy by original designation DIRECTION 37 67 Entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus specified in Col. 1 now proposed Name of Genus to be inserted in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (1) (2) Halimede de Haan, [1835] by monotypy Helice de Haan, [1833] by monotypy Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 by monotypy Hexapus de Haan, [1833] by monotypy Holometopus Milne Edwards, 1853 by monotypy Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 by original designation through the formula “n.g., n.sp.” Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 by monotypy Leptodius Milne Edwards, 1863 by monotypy Liagore de Haan, [1833] by monotypy Libystes Milne Edwards, 1867 by monotypy Liomera Dana, 1851 by monotypy Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 by monotypy Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 by monotypy Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 by original designation Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 by original designation Lybia Milne Edwards, 1834 by monotypy Melybia Stimpson, [1871] by monotypy Metasesarma Milne Edwards, 1853 by monotypy Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1860] by monotypy Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] by monotypy Notonyx Milne Edwards, 1873 by monotypy Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 by monotypy Ommatocarcinus White, 1852 by monotypy Opisthopus Rathbun, 1893 by monotypy Orphnoxanthus Alcock, 1898 by monotypy Panoplax Stimpson, [1871] by monotypy Paragalene Kossmann, 1878 by monotypy Parapanope de Man, 1895 by monotypy Parapleurophrycoides Nobili, 1906 by monotypy Paraxanthus Milne Edwards & by monotypy Lucas, [1844] Percnon Gistl, 1848 by subsequent selection by Rath- bun, 1925, Smiths. misc. Publ. TIT 6 Perigrapsus Heller, 1862 by monotypy Pilumnoides Milne Edwards & by monotypy Lucas, [1844] Pilumnus Leach, 1815 by monotypy Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] by original designation through the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’ 68 Name of Genus (1) Pinnixa White, 1846 Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards & Lucas, [1844] Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] Planes Bowditch, 1825 Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 Platyxanthus Milne Edwards, 1863 Polydectus Milne Edwards, 1837 Prionoplax Milne Edwards, 1852 Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards, 1834 Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards, 1837 Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858 Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards, 1879 Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 Ruppellioides Milne Edwards, 1867 Samartium Dana, 1851 Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1859 Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 Utica White, 1847 Varuna Milne Edwards, 1830 Xanthasia White, 1846 Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus specified in Col. 1 now proposed to be inserted in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ” (2) by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by original designation through the formula “‘ n.g., n.sp.”’ by original designation through the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’ by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by subsequent selection by Miers, 1886, Rep. Voy. Challenger (Zool.) 17(no. 2) : 141, nota 1. by monotypy by original designation by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by original designation through the formula “‘n.g., n.sp.”’ by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by monotypy by original designation through the formula “‘ n.g., n.sp.”’ DIRECTION 37 69 Entry relating to the determination of the type species of the genus specified in Col. 1 now proposed Name of Genus to be inserted in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (1) (2) Xenophthalmus White, 1846 by monotypy Zosimus Leach, 1823 by monotypy Zozymodes Heller, 1861 by monotypy ANNEXE 2 Proposals for the correction of certain erroneous dates and attributions cited for the names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) when placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ by Rulings given in ‘‘ Opinions ”’ 73, 85 and 104 or for the names of the type species of such genera (a) Corrections of entries in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 73 (1) ‘* Bathynectes ’’ Stimpson Two questions arise in connection with this generic name: first, the date on which it was published ; second, the manner in which the type species was determined. These matters are discussed separately below. The name Bathynectes Stimpson was published in Part 2 of vol. 2 of the Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. of Harvard. This name (and other new names occurring in the same paper) are treated as having been published in 1870 in some catalogues and in others as having been published in 1871. In order to clear up this matter, I appealed to my colleague the late Dr. James L. Peters, who, as a member of the staff of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, was in a specially good position for investi- gating the dates of publication of parts of the Bulletin of that Museum. On Ist June 1944, Dr. Peters replied as follows :— The early numbers of the M.C.Z. Bulletin were issued without covers and no printed date of publication. The number in question bears the date and inscription at the end of the article, ‘“‘ Chicago Academy of Science, December 1, 1870”. This apparently is when the manuscript was completed and should not be accepted as the publication date. The accession catalogue in the Museum Library shows that a bound copy of No. 2, Vol. 2, was entered on April 12, 1871. Inquiring of the librarian of the Boston Society of Natural History reveals that a copy in paper covers, 70 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS as issued, was received there on February 17, 1871. On the other hand, the price list of Museum publications claims December 1870 as the date. This evidence seems to show that the actual date of publication was probably about the middle of Feb. 1871 and the fact that our Museum catalogue doesn’t show an entry until April 12th is accounted for by the fact that the issue was not entered until it had been returned from the bindery. Further check-up with the Museum price-list and the date of receipt of the unbound parts at the Boston Society of Natural History shows that, in each case, the numbers of Vol. 2 were received by that institution a month to six weeks after the date claimed in the Museum price-list. In view of the information supplied by Dr. Peters and having regard to the fact that, as he shows, Stimpson’s paper was still in manuscript at the Chicago Academy as late as Ist December 1870, it must certainly be concluded that publication did not take place until some date in 1871. In the application published in Opinion 73 Miss Rathbun stated that the type species of Bathynectes Stimpson was “‘ tod. B. superba = Portunus superba Costa, 1838? = B. longispina Stimpson,, 1871’. This statement is incorrect in two respects. First Stimpson made no mention of Portunus superba Costa, which was therefore not an originally-included species and is accordingly ineligible for selection as the type species of Bathynectes. Second, contrary to the statement given by the abbreviated entry “‘ tod.’ (= type by original designation) Stimpson did not designate a type species for the genus Bathynectes. All that he did was to include in it two new nominal species, namely Bathynectes longispina (: 146) and Bathynectes brevispina (: 147) and to add as regards the latter, that he was doubtful whether it was specifically distinct from Jongispina. This latter statement, however, made the nominal species Bathynectes brevispina a species inquirenda from Stimpson’s standpoint. Accordingly, under the second subsection of Rule (e) in Article 30, the nominal species Bathynectes brevispina becomes ineligible for selection as the type species of Bathynectes. As a result, that genus is left with only one eligible included species, namely, Bathynectes longispina Stimpson, which thus becomes the type species of this genus, not by original designation as stated in- Opinion 73, but by monotypy. (2) ‘* Caphyra’’ Guérin-Ménéville Both the place and date of publication given for this generic name in Opinion 73, as also for the name of its type species, are incorrect. The entry given in this Opinion reads as follows :—‘‘ Caphyra Guérin, 1830, 26, mt. C. rouxii Guérin, 1830.’’ Reference to the list of papers given earlier (: 24) in Opinion 73 shows that the expression ‘* Guérin, DIRECTION 37 A 1830’ was intended to be interpreted as meaning ‘‘ Guérin, 1830, Voy. Coquille, Zool., v.2, Crust.” Reference to the Voy. Coquille shows that these names were published in vol. 2 (No. 2) (Part 1) of the Zoology Section (Caphyra on page 26 and C. rouxii on page 28). The point to be noted here is that a detailed analysis of the evidence relating to the dates of publication of the Voy. Coquille made by Sherborn in 1905 (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 17 : 335) shows that the Crustacea portion was issued as Livraison 28 (which contained 60 sheets, i.e. the whole of Vol. 2, No. 2) and that this Livraison was not published until 1838. Thus if Caphyra had first been published in the Voy. Coquille, it would be necessary to attribute it to the year “‘ 1838 ” and not to the year “* 1830” (the year cited in Opinion 73). But in fact that generic name and the name of the type species of the genus so named were first published in a paper in the Ann. Sci. nat. of Paris which appeared in 1832. The correct references for the two names in question are thus :—Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris 25(99) : 285; Caphyra rouxii Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, ibid. 25(99) : 287. (3) ‘* Hepatella ’’ Smith The name Hepatella Smith and the name (Hepatella amica Smith) of the type species of the genus so named were published in volume 3 of the American Naturalist. These names were assigned the date “‘ 1870” in Opinion 73. Inspection of this volume shows that Part 5 (the part in which the foregoing names appeared) bears the date “‘ July 1869’. It also bears the following legend :— ** Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1869, by the Peabody Academy of Science, in the clerk’s office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.” On the other hand, the title page of the volume as a whole bears the date “* 1870’ and it was no doubt from this source that this date was cited in Opinion 73. There are no grounds for rejecting the evidence cited above and it is reasonable therefore to conclude that this volume appeared partly in 1869 and partly in 1870 and that the Part containing the names here under consideration was published in the earlier of these two years. (4) Relative dates of publication in 1855 of two papers by Bell (T.), each containing identical names as new names. A number of names dealt with in Opinion 73 were first published in 1855 in a paper by Bell (T.), the place of publication being cited in that Opinion as volume 21 of the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. It appears from the Minutes of the Society that the paper was read at a meeting held under Bell’s Presidency on 5th June 1855. It was published later in the same year in the Transactions, but previous to this an abstract of it containing new names with the requisite indications appeared in the issue of the Proceedings of the Society, Fp OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS published on the 19th October 1855. The names concerned should therefore be attributed to the Proceedings and not to the Transactions. The names to which the foregoing correction applies and the number of the page in vol. 2 of the Proceedings in which those names first appeared are as follows :—Leucosilia (: 431) ; Lithadia (: 434) ; Myrodes (: 432) ; Nursilia (: 434) ; Phlyxia (: 433) ; the name Oreophorus nodosus (: 434) (specific name of type species of Speloeophorus). (5) Date of publication of the ‘* Crustacea ’’ Section of Arthur White’s ‘‘ The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang ’’. A number of names first published in the Crustacea Section of Adams (A.), The Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang were dealt with in Opinion 73 where they were all treated as having been published in 1848. Sherborn, however, has shown (1922, Index Anim., Sectio secund. (1) : cxi) that the Crustacea Section of this book was published in two parts, the first, containing pp. 1—32, in July 1848 ; the second, containing pp. 33—66, in April 1849. Re-examination of the dates assigned in Opinion 73 to names published in this work shows that the following names must be dated ‘“‘ 1849” instead of ‘* 1848’ :—(i) Carpilius signatus (: 37) (type species of Atergatopsis) ; (11) Iphiculus (: 57) and its type species Iphiculus spongiosus (: 57) ; (iii) Lissocarcinus (: 45) and its type species Lissocarcinus polybioides (: 46); (iv) Lupocyclus (: 46) and its type species Lupocyclus rotundatus (: 47); Tlos (: 57) and its type species Tlos muriger (: 58). (6) ‘*‘ Trichodactylus ’’ Latreille This name was published in Part 2 of volume 10 (Crustacea) of the Ency. méth., and in Opinion 73 the date “‘ 1825’ was attributed to it. This is, however, incorrect, being the date of publication of the first part of the volume. Part 2 was published in 1828. (7) ‘*Cymo”’ de Haan, [1833] In Opinion 73 the date “ 1825”’ was attributed to Pilumnus andreossyi Audouin, the name of the type species of the genus Cymo. This matter, however, was investigated by Sherborn (1923, Index Anim., Sectio secund. : 305) who ascertained that the above name should be treated as having been published in 1826. (8) ‘*Scylla’’? de Haan, [1833] This genus was stated by Miss Rathbun in Opinion 73 to be mono- typical with Cancer serratus Forskal, 1775, as type species. Miss Rathbun was aware that de Haan had placed a second nominal species in this genus, namely, Portunus tranquebaricus Fabricius, 1798, for she noted this fact in the application published in the Opinion, and added that these species ‘‘are synonymous’. Although she was of the opinion that only one valid taxon had been placed by de Haan in this genus, DIRECTION 37 73 it was erroneous from the nomenclatorial point of view to state that the genus was monotypical. She herself in the application referred to above definitely selected C. serratus Forskal to be the type species of Scylla de Haan, and this appears to be the first, and therefore the valid, type selection for this genus. b) Corrections of entries in ‘* Opinion ”’ 85 p (9) Date of publication of the Crustacea Section of d’Orbigny’s ** Voyage dans l’Amerique Meridionale ”’’ Both in Opinion 73 and in Opinion 85 there are names which were first published in the Crustacea Section of d’Orbigny’s Voyage dans l’ Amerique Meridionale. There is no consistency as to the dates assigned to those names in those Opinions. The dates given in Opinion 73 are correct but those given in Opinion 85 for the following names were incorrectly given as “1843” instead of “‘ 1844” :—Paraxanthus ; Pilumnoides ; Pinnotherelia. (10) ‘‘ Pinnotheres ’’ Latreille The name Pinnotheres Latreille was published in volume 3 of the Hist. nat. gen. partic. Crust. Ins. in Sonnini’s Buffon. In Opinion 85 the date given for this name was “‘ 1801—2 ”’ and it was stated that the volume concerned was published in An X of the French Revolutionary Calendar. This ran from September 1801 to September 1802. While *“An X”’ is the date given on the title page of the volume, it has now been established that it cannot have been published before some date in “An XI”’, i.e. in the period September 1802 to September 1803 (see Hemming, 1946, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 1 : 205, footnote 7). (c) Corrections of entries in ‘*‘ Opinion ’’ 104 Pp (11) ‘‘Nephrops ”’ [Leach] Two points call for notice in connection with the name Nephrops. First, it must be noted that it is sometimes cited in the literature as having been first published in 1816 in the Supplementary Volume to the 4th—6th Editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica. In fact, however, it was first published in an anonymous article by Leach in Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclopedia (7(2) : 398—400). Second, it should be noted that Part 2 of vol. 7 of Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. was published in 1814 and not in 1815, the year attributed to it in Opinion 104. (For a note on the date of publication of this portion of the Edinb. Ency. see Rathbun, 1897, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 11 : 154, nota.). (12) ‘*Pandalus’’ Leach, 1815 The name Pandalus was published by Leach twice in the year 1815. The first occasion was in the text to Plate 40(2) of his Malac. podophth. Brit. The second occasion was in the Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. (11(2) : 346). By some oversight it was the latter instead of the former of these references which was cited in Opinion 104 as the original reference for this name. 74 10. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 3 Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid names to the ‘* Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names ”’ Section A:—Proposed addition of fifty-one generic names to the “ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ . Acanthocyclus Dybowski, 1873, Arch. Naturk. Liv-, Ehst-u. Kuhl. Dorpat (1)5 : 333 (a junior homonym of Acanthocyclus Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], placed on the Official List in Opinion 73) . Acanthopus de Haan, [1835], in Siebold, Fauna japon. (Crust.) : 29 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 199, 226) (replaced by Percnon Gistl, 1848, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) . The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :— (a) Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philomat. Paris (7)8 : 149 (b) Asthenognathus Broom, 1915, Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist 25 ‘125 The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871], placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :— (a) Bathynectes Guenther, 1878, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5)2 : 20 (b) Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913, Bergens Mus. Aarb. 1912 (9) : 1 The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848 placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :— (a) Bellia Bate, 1851, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (2)7 : 318 (b) Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1869 : 197 (c) Bellia Tutt, 1902, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep. 3 : 386 . Caphyra Barrande, 1846, Not. prélim. Syst. Silur. Trilob. Bohéme : 32 (a junior homonym of Caphyra Guérin-Ménéville, 1832, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards, 1863, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris, Zool. (4)20 : 292 (a nomen nudum) Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867, Intell. Observ. 11 : 369 (a junior homonym of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) Eucrate Rafinesque, 1915, Analyse Nature : 136 (a nomen nudum) Euryplax Klapalek, 1909, Wien. ent. Ztg. 28 :255 (a junior homonym of Euryplax Stimpson, 1859, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) 11. 12. , 14. 3. 16. ¥2 18. 19. 20. DIRECTION 37 To Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852, U.S. Explor. Exped. 13 (Crust.) : 375, pl. 1 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73) Goneplat [Leach], [1814], Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. 7 : 393 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Goneplax [Leach], [1814], placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) Gonoplax Leach, 1815, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond, 11(2) : 323 (an Invalid Emendation of Goneplax [Leach], [1814], placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Halimede de Haan, [1835], placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :— (a) Halimede Rathke, 1843, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Carol. 20(1) : 166 (b) Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 174 : 190 Helice Chambers, 1873, Canad. Ent. 5 : 187 (a junior homonym of Helice de Haan, [1833], placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) | Holometopus Angelin, 1854, Pal. Scand. (ed. 1) fasc. 2 : 58 (a junior homonym of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :— (a) Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895, Monogr. Pseudo- phylliden 9 : 217 (b) Homalaspis Kaier, 1932, Skr. Svalbard Ishavet, Oslo, 52 : 14 Homarus Broun, 1881, Man. N.Z. Coleopt. (fasc. 2) : 740 (a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795, placed on the Official List in Opinion 104) Iphiculus White, 1847, List. Crust. Coll. B.M. : 51 (a nomen nudum) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Jphis Leach, 1817, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :— (a) Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835, Deutschl. Crust. Myriap. Arach. (Heft 2) : tab. 6 (b) Iphis Laporte, 1836, Revue Entom. 4(1) : 7 76 a 2. De 24. 2D) 26. 27. 28. 2. 30. an: OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Liagora Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr. : ix (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Liagore de Haan, [1833], placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1847, in White’s List. Crust. coll. B.M. : 126 (a nomen nudum) Lupocyclus White, 1847, List Crust. Coll. B.M. : 127 (a nomen nudum) Persephona Leach, 1852, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit. : 146, 189 (a junior homonym of Persephona Leach, 1817, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Pilumnus Leach, 1815, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :— (a) Pilumnus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nature : 122 (b) Pilumnus Dejean, 1821, Cat. Coll. Coléopt. Dejean [1821 ed.] 3365 1d-18237 Cola Lepiad-2156 (c) Pilumnus Koch (C.L.), 1837, Uebers Arachnidensyst. 1 : 38 (d) Pilumnus Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr. : xi (nom. nov. pro Alphus Dejean, 1833) (e) Pilumnus Bonaparte, 1854, Ateneo Ital. 2 : 123 The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Planes Bowditch, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85 :— (a) Planes Saussure, 1862, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2)14 : 228 (b) Planes Rondani, 1864, Arch. Zool. anat. Fisiol. 3 (fasc. 1) : 9 Podacanthus Brandt, 1848, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 7(12/13) : 180 (a junior homonym of Podacanthus Gray, 1833) (replaced by Erimacrus Benedict, 1892, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73) Podophtalmus Lamarck, 1801, Syst. Anim. : 152 (an Invalid Ori- ginal Spelling for Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73) Polydectus Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nature : 142 (a nomen nudum) Pseudopinnixa Holmes, 1895, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2)4 : 565 (a junior homonym of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) Ptychognathus Owen, 1860, Quart. J. geol. Soc. Lond. 16 : 49 (a junior homonym of Ptychognathus Stimpson, 1858, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) a2. 33. 34. 32. 36. aT, 38. DIRECTION 37 Th Telmessus Stal, 1866, Hemipt. Afric. 4 : 211 (a junior homonym of Telmessus White, 1846, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73) Tlos White, 1847, List Crust. Coll. B.M. : 129 (a nomen nudum) Trichodactylus Dufour, 1839, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris (Zool.) 11 : 276 (a junior homonym of Trichodactylus Latreille, 1828, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73) Utica Hewitson, [1865], J//. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1 : 56 (a junior homonym of Utica White, 1847, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Valdivia White, 1847, placed on the Official List in Opinion 73 :— (a) Valdivia Ragonot, 1888, Nouv. gen. esp. Phycit. Gall. : 27 (b) Valdivia Shannon, 1927, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 70(art. 9) : 31 Zosimus Schaufuss, 1886, Tijdschr. Ent.29 : 293 (ajunior homonym of Zosimus Leach, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) Zozymus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Roret’s Suite a Buffon (Crust.) 1 : 383 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Zosimus Leach, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 85) Section B :—Proposed addition of six specific names to the ** Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”” . granulatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus (in Siebold, Fauna japon. (Crust.) > 4, 18) (a junior homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer granulatus) . ponnanti Leach, [1817], as published in the combination Ebalia pennanti (Malac. podophth. Brit. (14) : text to pl. 25) (a junior objective synonym of tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer tuberosus). . tresselata Milne Edwards, 1834, as published in the combination Lybia tresselata (Roret’s Suite 4 Buffon, Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 431) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for tesselatus Latreille, 1812, as published in the combination Grapsus tesselatus) . variegatus [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Portumnus variegatus (Brewster’s Edinb. Ency. 7(2) : 391) (a junior objective synonym of /atipes Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer latipes) 78 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. jurinii Bell, 1855 (as published in the combination Leucosilia jurinii Proc. linn. Soc. Lond. 2 : 431; id., 1855, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 21 : 295) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the combination Guaia (llia) jurinei) 6. vigil Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Portunus vigil (Suppl. Ent. syst. : 363) (a junior objective synonym of vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil) 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of making the additions to the Official Lists and Official Indexes recommended therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 987. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 : On 19th September 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)28) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “‘ that, in accordance with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action recommended in paragraph 7 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 987, regarding names in the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea), submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now taken as there recommended ”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. ) DIRECTION 37 79 4. Withdrawal of the proposals in regard to three specific names submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 : Consequential upon a decision to withdraw from the scope of V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 the proposals submitted therewith in relation to the names Pandalus Leach 1815, Pinnotheres Latreille [1802—1803] and Portumnus Leach, 1814, in order to permit of the consideration of certain new information received in regard to those names, the Secretary on 7th October 1955 executed the following Minute withdrawing from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 certain supplementary proposals relating to the foregoing names for the purpose of enabling the Commission to deal simultaneously with all outstanding problems in regard to these names when it should have before it revised proposals prepared in the light of the additional information referred to above :— Withdrawal of proposals relating to three specific names from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In the light of additional information now furnished by Dr. L. B. Holthuis I have this day by a Minute numbered Z.N.(S.) 985 withdrawn from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 certain proposals submitted therewith in relation to the names Pandalus Leach, 1815, Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] and Portumnus Leach, 1814, in order to permit of the further study of the issues involved before decisions were taken by the Commission thereon. In completion of the action taken in the foregoing Minute I now, as Secretary, withdraw from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 certain other pro- posals regarding the foregoing names for the purpose of enabling all aspects of the questions outstanding in regard to the above names to be taken into consideration by the Commission simultaneously. 5. The Prescribed Voting Period : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)28 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period therefor closed on 19th October 1955. 6. Addition to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ’”’ of six additional junior homonyms 80 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS _ of the name ‘‘Acanthopus ”’ Klug, 1807 : On Ist November 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 987 :— Addition to the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ’’ of certain junior homonyms of ‘‘Acanthopus ”’ Klug, 1807, additional to that specified in Annexe 3 to the paper submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In returning his copy of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28, Mr. Sylvester-Bradley drew attention to the fact that in Annexe 3 to the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 987 submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper! one only of a number of junior homonyms of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, had been put forward for addition to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and expressed the view that all of these ought now to be placed on the above Official Index. 2. Having regard to the Directive issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that all objectively invalid names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in con- nection with, cases submitted to the Commission for decision be placed on the appropriate Official Index, 1 now, as Secretary, hereby direct that the following names each of which is a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and that the said additions to the Official Index be included in the Ruling in the Direction embodying the decisions of the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 :— (a) Acanthopus Oken, 1816, Lehrbuch Naturgesch. 3(2) : ui, 122 (b) Acanthopus Dahl, 1823, Col. u. Lepid. : 45 (c) Acanthopus Latreille, 1829, in Cuvier (G.L.C.F.D.), Régn. anim. (ed: 2) 5 2138 (d) Acanthopus Muenster, 1839, Beitr. Petref. (A) : 94 (e) Acanthopus Giebel, 1872, Thesaur. Orn. 1 : 260 (f) Acanthopus Vernet, 1877, Arch. Sci. phys. nat. Genéve (n.s.) 60 : 334 ou ee eee 1 Kor the text of the paper here referred to see the first paragraph of the present Direction. DIRECTION 37 8! 7. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Boschma; Holthuis; Stoll; Mayr; Riley; Vokes ; Hering ; Jaczewski ; Prantl ; Lemche ; Mertens ; Bonnet ; do Amaral ; Hank6o ; Esaki ; Key ; Dymond ; Cabrera ; Hemming ; Miller? : Bradley (J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Sylvester- Bradley ; Tortonese ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bodenheimer ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 8. Declaration of Result of Vote: On Ist November 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 7 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 9. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord * Commissioner Miller exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view or the majority view. of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4: 50—S1). 82 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28, subject (a) to the withdrawal therefrom of the proposals relating to the two generic names specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 7th October 1955, and (b) to the addition to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology of the junior homonyms specified in the Secretary’s Minute of Ist November 1955. The Minutes referred to above have been reproduced in paragraph 4 and paragraph 6 respectively of the present Direction. 10. Original References : The original references for the generic names specified in Rulings (1) and (2) of the present Direction have already been noted in connection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. The references for the names specified in Ruling (3) have been similarly noted except in so far as they have been supplemented by additional information given in Annexe 2 to the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction. The original references for the names specified in Rulings (4) and (5) are given in Annexe 3 to the paper referred to above, with the exception of those for six junior homonyms of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, the references for which are given in the Minute executed by the Secretary on Ist November 1955, the text of which is given in paragraph 6 of the present Direction. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Seven (37) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of December, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Five. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mretcatre & Cooper LiMiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.3. Pp. 83—94 DIRECTION 38 Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of the anonymously published work entitled Ornithologia britannica issued in 1771 and believed to have been written by Marmaduke Tunstall and matters incidental thereto (cancellation of Opinion 38) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Eight Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 1st September, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 38 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CaBRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning Lemcue (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950 Professor Erich Martin HERING) (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) ee 4; ics BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) resident Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) E Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToxt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) ; Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNFLT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ak Hy F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954 Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 38 REJECTION FOR NOMENCLATORIAL PURPOSES OF THE ANONYMOUSLY PUBLISHED WORK ENTITLED **ORNITHOLOGIA BRITANNICA”? [ISSUED IN 1771 AND BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY MARMADUKE TUNSTALL AND MATTERS INCIDENTAL THERETO (CANCELLATION OF ** OPINION ”’ 38) RULING :—(i) It is hereby ruled that in the anonymous work published in 1771 under the title Ornithologia britannica the author, who is reputed to have been Marmaduke Tunstall, did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature, that in consequence no new name published in the foregoing work acquired the status of availability in virtue of being so published and therefore that the acceptance of that work for nomen- clatorial purposes signified in Opinion 38 was incorrect. (2) In view of (1) the Ruling given in Opinion 38 1s hereby cancelled for all except historical purposes. (3) The title of the work specified in (1) above is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature with the Title No. 48. (4) Attention is drawn to the action taken by the Commission by the Ruling given in Opinion 404 under which the generic name Pyrrhocorax [Tunstall], 1771, the only new generic name published in the Ornitho- logia britannica, was validated under the Plenary Powers and placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. SEP 9 9 1958 86 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (5) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers— severally specified below :— (a) Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes!) (Name No. 518) ; (b) Columbus [Tunstall], 1771 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Columba Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 519) ; (c) Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 520). (6) The under-mentioned generic name is _ hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1015 :—Columba Linnaeus, 1758 (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Vigors (1825) : Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758). (7) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 944 :—oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba oenas (specific name of type species of Columba Linnaeus, 1758). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT DIRECTION * The present Direction contains a revised Ruling regarding the status for nomenclatorial purposes of the anonymously published work entitled Ornithologia britannica commonly attributed to Marmaduke Tunstall which was published in 1771. It will be ' For the rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, Geslachten der Vogelen, see Opinion 241 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 13—21). DIRECTION 38 87 recalled that, when on Ist September 1955 the Commission was invited on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)22 to codify the Rulings in regard to the status of individual books and papers given by it in Opinions rendered up to the end of 1936, it was explained that further investigations were in progress in regard to the fore- going work and that in consequence it was not proposed on that occasion to submit any proposal for the codification of the Ruling given in Opinion 38, the Opinion in which in 1912 the Com- mission had previously dealt with the present subject?. For various reasons the issue of the Voting Paper referred to above did not take place at as early date as had originally been expected with the result that the above Voting Paper was issued concurrently with the Voting Paper covering the Secretary’s promised Supple- mentary Report on the Ornithologia britannica of 1771. That Report, which was also submitted on Ist September 1955, was as follows :— Proposed cancellation of ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 38 and matters incidental thereto By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E., (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) Under decisions taken by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953 (Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. 24, Decision 24 ; ibid. : 23, Decision 23), an Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature and an Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature were . established and the Commission was instructed to place on this new Official List and Official Index the titles of works which it had, in the one case, accepted and, in the other case, rejected for nomen- clatorial purposes. The Commission has already complied with the above Directive as regards all Opinions rendered since 1936. Proposals are now being submitted?, in connection with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)22, to enable it to do so in respect of all Opinions rendered before the above date, except in the present case which it was considered could be more conveniently dealt with separately, and four others, which for various reasons are also dealt with separately. 2 For the decision taken by the International Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)22 see Direction 32 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 307—328. 88 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. Opinion 38, with which the present paper is concerned, was published in 1912 (Smithson. Publ. 2060 : 89—90) under the title ‘On the Status of the Latin Names in Tunstall, 1771’. The work dealt with is a very slim large folio consisting of six unnumbered pages (T.P. and Verso blank, [1]—[4]). Its full title is as follows :— ‘** Ornithologia Britannica: seu Avium omnium Britannicarum tam Terrestrium quam Aguaticarum Catalogus, Sermone Latino, Anglico, & Gallico redditus : cui subjicitur Appendix, Aves alienigenas, in Angliam rara advenientes, complectens. The Title Page states that this work was “* Printed for the Author by J. Dixwell in St. Martin’s Lane” and bears the date “‘ 1771”. The work is anonymous but is attributed to Marmaduke Tunstall (1743—1790). 3. This book consists entirely of a tabular presentation of the names for the British birds known to the author. The entry in these tables for each species contains four columns devoted to (i) the Latin name of the genus, (ii) a Latin name for the species, (iii) an English vernacular name, (iv) a French vernacular name. The work has no pretention to originality, being, as 1s clearly shown by the following footnote, no more than a compilation from earlier works :—‘‘ Nomina Latina vel ex Linnaeo vel ex ultima editione Zoologiae Britannicae, Gallica vero .ornithologia Brissonii plerumque decerpta sunt ’’. No bibliographical references are given for any of the 53 generic names cited and very few such references are supplied for the names used for species, there being references for only 14 of the Latin specific names and for one of the English names cited. Thus for 226 out of the 241 “species ” recognised no bibliographical references are supplied. For fourteen of the species cited, polyverbal Latin specific names are employed. 4. It was recognised by the Commission that in this book Tunstall did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature, it being stated in the Section of Opinion 38 headed “ Discussion ”’ that “‘ the nomen- clature is binary”. That the Commission felt able to accept names in Tunstall’s Ornithologia as possessing the status of availability was due to the fact that at that time it was guiding itself by the interpretation . of Proviso (b) to Article 25 which it had given in 1910 in Opinion 20. In that Opinion it had ruled that the generic names but not the specific names, in the Zoophylacium Gronovianum of Gronovius were available, because, although that author had not applied the principles of binominal nomenclature, he had used a “ binary’ system of nomen- clature, that is, he had realised that the scientific name for an animal must be so constructed as to recognise the twofold concept of genus and species. In Paris in 1948 the International Congress of Zoology rejected as defective the Ruling given in Opinion 20 and underlined its decision in this matter by substituting the expression “‘ nomenclature binominale’’ for the expression “‘ nomenclature binaire’’ wherever it occurred in the Régles. Following this decision the Commission during its Paris Session dealt with a number of its older Opinions in which the so-called “‘ binary’’ system of nomenclature had been DIRECTION 38 89 recognised as conferring availability upon names published in the works concerned. Tunstall’s Ornithologia had not then been re-examined from the foregoing point of view, and accordingly the disposal of generic names published in that work was left over for later considera- tion. 5. It is necessary therefore to examine the generic names used by Tunstall, to see which of them require to be validated, now that, the Ornithologia, contrary to the statement in Opinion 38, is found to be unavailable for nomenclatorial purposes. It is here that a paradoxical situation is disclosed, for of the 46 generic names cited by Tunstall, 41 were first published by Linnaeus in 1758, 3 by Brisson in 1760, and one by Linnaeus in 1766. Thus one new generic name only was published in this work. The names concerned are :— ¢1) Names published by Linnaeus, 1758, forty-one (41) : Palco : Strix ; Lanius.; Corvus ; Picus ;.Jynx ; Cuculus ; Sitta ; Alcedo ; Certhia; Tetrao; Otis; Columbus ; (ex err. pro Columba) ; Turdus ; Sturnus ; Alauda ; Hirundo ; Motacilla ; Loxia; Fringilla; Emberiza; Parus; Ardea; Scolopax ; Tringa ; Haematopus ; Charadrius ; Rallus ; Fulica ; Colymbus ; Recurvirostra ; Alca; Mergus ; Larus ; Sterna; Procellaria ; Anas ; Pelecanus ; Coracias ; Upupa ; Platalea ; (2) Names published by Brisson, 1760, three (3) : Gallinula ; Phaleropus ; Merganser ; (3) Name published by Linnaeus, 1766, one ( a Ampelis ; (4) Name first published in Tunstall’s *‘ Ornithologia’’, one (1) : Pyrrhocorax. 6. We see therefore that the only purpose to be served by validating Tunstall’s Ornithologia would be to provide a valid basis for the name Pyrrhocorax as the generic name for the Chough. That action is not now needed even for this purpose since in 1954 the Commission by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)69 used its Plenary Powers to validate the name Pyrrhocorax [Tunstall] when dealing with Application Z.N.(S.) 492 (1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 53—61)?. 7. Both the name Pyrrhocorax and the name Ampelis were published in 1758 in Nozeman & Vosmaer’s Ges/l. Vogel. : 1, 15 (Pyrrhocorax) 2, 25 (Ampelis) and, as Tunstall’s Ornithologia makes no pretension to being an original work, it is likely that Tunstall obtained these two names, if not direct from Nozeman & Vosmaer, at least from some book 3 The decision taken by the Commission on Application Z.N.(S.)492 (Pyrrho- corax) has since been embodied in Opinion 404 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm, zool. Nomencl. 13 : 87—106). 90 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS containing a reference to these names. Nozeman & Vosmaer were not binominal authors and the work referred to above has for this reason been rejected by the Commission in Opinion 241 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 5 : 13—22). Since the two names referred to above found their way into Neave’s Nomenclator, they are liable to mislead the unwary and it is desirable therefore that they should both now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 8. It will be observed that in paragraph 5(1) above the name Columbus, as used by Tunstall,is treated as being a variant, accidental or intentional, of Columba Linnaeus, 1758. That this interpretation is correct is shown by the fact that the three species cited by Tunstall under Columbus (Stock-Dove ; Ring-Dove ; Turtle-Dove) were all included by Linnaeus in his genus Columba. It is desirable that the name Columbus |Tunstall] be now disposed of by being placed on the Official Index as an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling. At the same time the generic name Columba Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 162) (gender : feminine) (type species, by selection by Vigors, 1825 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 14 : 481) : Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 162) should be placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, and the name oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the foregoing combination, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Finally, it would be well to take note that there is an even earlier invalid usage of the name Columbus, namely, that by Linnaeus himself in 1758 in his preliminary section entitled “‘ Classis II. Aves. Caracteres Avium ”’ (: 84) where he used this spelling for the genus numbered “ 68”? which on page 134 he dealt with fully under the name Colymbus. This Invalid Original Spelling should now be placed on the Official Index. (No action is required in connection with the Valid Original Spelling Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758, for that name has already formed the subject of a decision by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)62)?. 9. The specific names cited by Tunstall have not been examined in detail, for even under the erroneous Ruling given in Opinion 20 (relating to the Zoophylacium of Gronovius), on which the Ruling given in Opinion 38 was based, the generic names only, of “* binary but not binominal ”’ authors, were acceptable. An inspection of Tunstall shows, it may be noted, that the great majority, if not all, the specific names which he cited in binominal combinations, as contrasted with his polyverbal specific names, were derived from Linnaeus. If any specific name were to be found to be currently accepted as from 4 The decision in regard to the generic name Co/ymbus Linnaeus, 1758, taken by the International Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(54)62 has since been embodied in Opinion 401 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 13 : 1—64). DIRECTION 38 ee | | Tunstall’s Ornithologia, it would be necessary to treat that name as constituting a separate case, for that usage would not have been justified under the Ruling given in Opinion 38, even if that Ruling had been correct which, as shown in paragraph 4 above, it is now seen not to have been. 10. In the light of the particulars furnished above, I recommend the International Commission :— (1) to take note :— (a) that in the anonymous work published in 1771 under the title Ornithologia britannica, the author, who is believed to have been Marmaduke Tunstall, did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature and therefore that the names published in the above work do not satisfy the requirements of Proviso (b) to Article 25 and accordingly that the acceptance of the above work for nomenclatorial purposes by the Ruling given in Opinion 38 was incorrect ; (b) that in the above work the only new generic name introduced was the name Pyrrhocorax which has already been validated under the Plenary Powers by the vote taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(54)69, when dealing with Application Z.N.(S.) 492 which was expressly concerned with that name’®; (2) for the reasons specified in (1) above, to cancel Opinion 38 for all except historical purposes ; (3) to place the under-mentioned title on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature :— [Tunstall (M.)], 1771, Ornithologia britannica ; (4) to place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Pyrrhocorax Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes) ; (b) Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes) ; (c) Columbus [Tunstall], 1771 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Columba Linnaeus, 1758) ; (d) Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758) ; (5) to place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :—Columba Linnaeus, 1758 > See footnote 3. 92 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (gender: feminine) (type species, by selection by Vigors (1825) : Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758) ; (6) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba oenas (specific name of type species of Columba Linnaeus, 1758). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s Report, the question whether the International Commission should give a revised Ruling on the status of Tunstall’s Ornithologia britannica of 1771 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 944. II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23 : On Ist September 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)23) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that, ‘“‘ in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording on the various Official Lists and Official Indexes of decisions in regard to particular names and particular books issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and with the General Directive supplementary thereto issued to the Commission by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, the entries on Official Lists and Official Indexes specified in paragraph 10 of the paper in regard to Tunstall’s Ornithologia britannica of 1771 numbered Z.N.(S.) 944 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction], together with the other recommendations specified in that paragraph, be approved ”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate the item concerned. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on Ist October 1955. DIRECTION 38 93 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Bodenheimer ; Holthuis; Lemche; Hering; Riley ; Mayr ; Vokes; Miller ; Prantl; Key ; Esaki; Bradley (J.C.) ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; do Amaral ; Boschma ; Kiihnelt ; Hemming; Dymond; Sylvester-Bradley ; Jaczewski ; Tortonese ; Mertens ; Bonnet ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 4th October 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 9th January 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)23, subject to the exclusion from the said Ruling of the addition of the name Pyrrhocorax Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology in view of the fact that in the meantime the said action had been taken by the Ruling given in Opinion 4048. ® See Footnote 3 of the present Direction. 94 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 8. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed on. Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758, Geslacht. Vogel. (Dutch translation of Moehring, 1752, Avium Genera) : 1, 2, 25 Columba Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 162 Columbus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 84 Columbus [Tunstall], 1771, Ornith. brit. : [2] oenas, Columba, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 162 9. The following is the reference for the selection of a type species for Columba Linnaeus, 1758, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :—Vigors, 1825, Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 14 : 481. , 10. Family-group-name position : The generic name Columba Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction is the type genus of the well-known family COLUMBIDAE. It has not so far been possible to determine where this family-group name was first published. This matter is at present being investigated on a File numbered Z.N.(G.) 133, which has been specially opened for this purpose. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction 1s accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. - 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Eight (38) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Ninth day of January, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING ——S Printed in England by MercaLFe & Cooper Limitep, 10-24 Scrutton St. London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.4. Pp. 95—138, I pl. DIRECTION 39 Substitution of Gallinago Brisson, 1760, for Gallinago Koch, 1816 (Class Aves) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 67) EMNTHSON OCT 16 1955 LONDON: Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Twenty-Nine Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 17th September, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 39 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953). Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. care pct (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoNnD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) ; Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (2th August 1953) Professor Béla HANK6 (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (i2th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. StToLt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hoituuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954 Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) . ea S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TorTcwEsE (Museo do Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) eS DIRECTION 39 SUBSTITUTION OF ‘*‘GALLINAGO ” BRISSON, 1760, FOR ‘*“ GALLINAGO ”? KOCH, 1816 (CLASS AVES) ON THE ‘* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘“* OPINION ” 67) RULING :—(1) The following entry is to be inserted in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in place of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 :— Gallinago Brisson, 1760 (gender : feminine) (type species, by absolute tautonymy : Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 58). (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 945: gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago (specific name of type species of Gallinago Brisson, 1760). (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Names Numbers 521 to 523 respectively :— (a) Gallinago Koch, 1816 (a junior homonym of, and a junior objective synonym of, Gallinago Brisson, 1760) ; (b) Capella Frenzel, 1801 (a name published in synonymy without an independent description and rejected by its author) ; (c) Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (a junior objective synonym of Rupicapra Blainville, 1816). art 171 1956 98 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 341 : media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago). I—THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “DIRECTION |: On 23rd August 1952 Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, submitted the following paper to the Commission in which he drew attention to an erroneous entry regarding the generic name Gallinago Koch, 1816 (Class Aves) made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 published in 1916 :— Proposed use of the Plenary Powers to suppress the name ‘* Gallinago ”’ Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), and proposed substitution of ‘‘ Capella ”’ Frenzel, 1801, for ‘‘ Gallinago ’’ Koch, 1816, on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ (proposed correction of an Erroneous Entry in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 67) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The subject matter of the present application came to notice in the course of the checking of the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in connection with the projected publication of the Official List in book form and is concerned with the generic name » Gallinago Koch, 1816 (Syst. baier. Zool. 1 : 312) which was placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 published in 1916 (Smithson. Publ. 2409 : 180). DIRECTION 39 99 2. The generic name Gallinago Koch, 1816, was stated in Opinion 67 to have as its type species, Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 147) by absolute tautonymy, through the ‘* media of Koch ” (i.e. Gallinago media Koch, 1816, loc. cit. 1 : 314). This name was therefore a generic name applied to the Common Snipe. 3. When checking this part of Opinion 67, I observed that Hartert, after using the generic name Gallinago Koch for the Snipe in the main portion of his work relating to the genus concerned (Hartert, 1916, Vogel paldarkt. Fauna (2) : 1655), had later in the same work (1921, ibid. (3) : 2213) published a correction pointing out that Gallinago, Koch was a junior synonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801 (Beschr. Végel Wittenberg : 58), the type species of which was the nominal species Capella coelestis Frenzel, 1801 (ibid. : 58), a nominal species which represented the same taxonomic species as did the nominal species Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. I noted also that my colleague Com- missioner James L. Peters (1934, Check List Birds World 2 : 274) accepted the name Capella Frenzel, sinking Gallinago Koch as a synonym. 4. As it was clearly not possible in these circumstances to leave the name Gallinago Koch on the Official List without prior re-submission to the International Commission, I wrote a letter (on 14th October 1945) to Dr. Peters asking for his views as to the action which it was desirable should be taken. Dr. Peters in his reply (of 6th December 1945) wrote: ‘‘ After Capella Frenzel was shown to be an earlier name than Gallinago Koch and of equal applicability, it was immediately adopted and is now in current use for the different species of Snipe. For this reason I believe the Gallinago should be expunged from the Official List and Capella substituted in its place. No useful purpose would be served by reinstating Gallinago Koch under suspension of the rules and suppressing Capella’”’ 5. Quite recently I was led, for the reasons which I have explained in Application Z.N.(S.) 701 (relating to the generic names Bubo, Coturnix, Egretta, and Oriolus)! to examine carefully M. J. Brisson’s Ornithologie published in 1760, for I had already discovered that one name (Egretta Forster, 1817) that was already on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was an invalid junior homonym of a totally overlooked name published in Brisson’s Ornithologie. This search brought to light the existence of the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760 (Ornithologie 5 : 298—310), which thus greatly antedates, the name Capella Frenzel, 1801. The name Gallinago was used by Brisson as the name for a subdivision of the genus Scolopax ; he placed in it all except the first of the five species which he referred to Scolopax. All the species described in the Ornithologie are described 1 The decision regarding these names has since been taken by the Commission and incorporated in Direction 21 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1, Section C : 161—178). 100 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS initially under a French name, followed by a Latin diagnosis, at the end of which is given, in different type, the Latin name accepted by Brisson for the species in question, this in turn being followed, in the case of previously described species, by a detailed synonymy. The first of the species placed by Brisson in his Gallinago was cited under the French name “‘ La Beccassine ’’, the scientific name at the end of the Latin diagnosis being given simply as “‘ Gallinago’’ (not because Brisson was a mononominalist, but because he customarily cited in this way the names of species when the “‘ species ”’ portion of the name consisted of the same word (i.e. was a single word) tautonymous with the generic name). In the synonymy of this species Brisson quoted the diagnosis given by Linnaeus in 1758 for his Scolopax gallinago, finishing this quotation as follows: ‘“* Gallinago. Linn. Syst.Nat. ed. 10 Gen. 77 sp. 11” (Scolopax being the 77th genus of birds in the 10th edition of the Syst. Nat. and Scolopax gallinago being the eleventh of the species referred by Linnaeus to this genus). Thus, we see clearly that this species is Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758 (: 147) and that, as its trivial name is tautonymous with the generic name selected by Brisson, it is the type species of Gallinago Brisson by absolute tautonymy. Accordingly, the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, is not only a senior homonym of Gallinago Koch, 1816, but in addition is a senior synonym of Koch’s generic name, Brisson’s and Koch’s nominal genera each having the same nominal species as its type species. The position so established created a new situation and one under which the entry on the Official List relating to Gallinago Koch was not only (as previously) subjectively defective (because of the subjective identi- fication of the nominal species which are respectively the type species of Capella Frenzel, 1801, and of Gallinago Koch, 1816), but also objectively incorrect (through Gallinago Koch, being both an objective junior homonym, and an objective junior synonym, of Gallinago Brisson, 1760). Faced with this situation, it seemed to me that, since (as Dr. Peters had explained) the name Capella Frenzel had by now completely replaced the name Gallinago Koch, it would be confusing if now that transition had to be reversed, the name Capella Frenzel being displaced by Gallinago Brisson. 6. At this stage I consulted Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature who in his reply (dated 12th September 1952) wrote as follows: “* If, as at first appeared, the question to be considered in the case of the name Gallinago had been whether the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, should be replaced on the Official List by its senior subjective synonym Capella Frenzel, 1801, I should have been strongly in favour of that course, for now that Gallinago Koch has been completely replaced by the name Capella Frenzel, I should have thought it most unfortunate if, through Gallinago Koch being already on the Official List, it had been necessary to abandon current practice by reverting to the use of the name Gallinago Koch. Now that it appears that the oldest generic name for the Common Snipe is Gallinago Brisson, 1760, I hold the DIRECTION 39 101 same view for the same reason. I accordingly consider that the best course will be for the International Commission to suppress Brisson’s Gallinago, to remove Koch’s Gallinago from the Official List and to insert in its place the name Capella Frenzel. The trivial name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago, should, I agree, now be placed on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names. Naturally, however, the trivial name coelestis Frenzel, 1801 (the trivial name of the type species of Capella Frenzel) ought not to be placed on that Official List, for, although nomenclatorially it is an available name, it is only a junior synonym of gallinago Linnaeus and therefore can never be needed ”’. \ 7. A settlement of this case is urgently required, for at present the problem presented by the name Gallinago Koch represents one of the obstacles which is holding up the publication of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in book form. In view of the advice received in this case—as set out in paragraphs 4 and 6 above—I recommend that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— | (1) use its Plenary Powers to suppress the generic name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy ; (2) delete the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, at the same time correcting Opinion 67 to the extent necessary ; (3) substitute on the foregoing Official List the name Capella Frenzel, 1801 (type species, by monotypy: Capella coelestis Frenzel, 1801) for the name proposed, under (2) above, to be removed therefrom ; (4) place the trivial name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago, on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology ; (5S) place the under-mentioned names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Gallinago Brisson, 1760, as proposed, under (1) above, to be suppressed under the Plenary Powers ; (b) Gallinago Koch, 1816 (junior homonym of Gallinago Brisson, 1760) ; (c) Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Europas 1:9 (junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801). 102 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Il—THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE PRESENT CASE 2. Registration of the present application: When in 1951 Mr. Hemming deposited with the Office of the Commission certain preliminary notes regarding the generic name Gallinago Koch, the question of the rectification of the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in regard to the foregoing name was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 575. 3. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 24th August 1952 and was published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature on 15th October of the same year (Hemming, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 93—95). 4. Issue of Public Notices: Under the’ revised procedure prescribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56) Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 15th October 1952 (a) in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which the application by the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature was published), (b) to the other prescribed serial publications and (c) to certain general zoological serials. In addition, such Notice was given also to fourteen serial publications or institutions specially concerned with ornithology. The names of the serials and institutions in question have been given in the Opinion (Opinion 401)? relating to the generic name Colymbus Linnaeus, the Opinion in which the Commission dealt with the first of the series of applications submitted by the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature. 5. Comments of a general character : The issue of the Public Notices specified above elicited thirty-seven comments of a general character relating to the cases of ornithological nomen- 2 Opinion 401 has been published as Part 1 of volume 13 of the Opinions and Declarations Series. DIRECTION 39 103 clature published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. These comments came from ornithological institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual specialists. Of these comments, the authors of thirty-six gave general support to the applications published in the foregoing Triple-Part. The single remaining comment was from a specialist who was opposed to any use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers. The communications so received have been reproduced in the Appendix annexed to Opinion 401 (Colymbus),*® those supporting the applications referred to above being given in Part 1, the single comment in opposition to the above applications being given in Part 2. 6. Comments directly related to the present application: Six communications directly concerned with the present application were received in the Office of the Commission. Of these com- munications one was signed by six specialists. Seven of the specialists who commented on this case supported the action recommended, while four were opposed to that action. The communications so received are reproduced in the following paragraphs. 7. Support received from Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (London) : On 5th December 1952 Colonel Richard Meinertz- hagen (London) addressed a letter to the Commission commenting upon a number of applications relating to the names of birds then recently published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The portion of Colonel Meinertzhagen’s letter relating to the present case was as follows : “I wish to register my whole-hearted agreement with Recom- mendations Nos... . 174 [Gallinago]”’. 8. Support received from Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne and five other United States ornithologists : On 18th March 1953 Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) and the five under- 3 See Footnote 2 above. 4 The number here cited is that which was allotted to the present case in the list of papers published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature which was printed on the back wrapper of that Part (cover). 104 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS mentioned specialists addressed a letter to the Commission in support of the present application:—(a) Robert W. Storer (Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.) ; (b) Andrew J. Berger (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.) ; (c) Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. (Northfield, Minnesota, U.S.A.) ; (d) Frank A. Pitelka (Berkeley, California, U.S.A.); (e) John Davis (Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.). The letter so received was as follows :— We, the under-signed, wish to express our strong approval of proposal No. 12° (concerning Capella Frenzel) published on page 3 of vol. 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. We hope that your Commission will take favorable action on it. 9. Objection received from Dr. Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) : On 8th January 1953 Dr. Ernst Mayr (then of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and now of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) addressed a letter to the Office of the Commission commenting upon certain of the applications relating to the names of birds published in Triple- Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature and as regards the present application raising objection to the action proposed. The following is the portion of Dr. Mayr’s letter relating to the present case :— The present point concerns the generic name Gallinago (Z.N.(S.) 575). It seems to me that in the statement contained on page 93 [of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature] there are several inaccuracies. To begin with, as pointed out by you, the name Gallinago, with Brisson as author, has priority over Capella, and Peters’ reasons for supporting Capella are therefore invalid. Equally erroneous is the assertion that Capella is now the name in universal use. It is true that Dr. Peters had overlooked that the name Gallinago was on the Official List when he published volume 2 of his checklist. I am guilty of the same negligence when publishing my list of New Guinea birds (1941 : 32). However, several correspondents brought this error to my attention and in the Birds of the Southwest Pacific and Birds of > The number here cited is that which was allotted to the present case in the Public Notice of cases involving the possible use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers given at the beginning of Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. DIRECTION 39 105 the Philippines, 1 have used the name Gallinago, as have other authors working in the Australian, Papuan, Malayan and India region. For instance it is the name used in Delacour’s Birds of Malaysia and his recent publications on Indo-Chinese birds. 10. Objection received from Dr. John T. Zimmer (The American Museum of Natural History, New York) : On 9th January 1953 Dr. John T. Zimmer (American Museum of Natural History, New York) addressed a letter to the Office of the Commission commenting upon certain of the applications relating to the names of birds which had been published in Triple-Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature and in the present case raising objection to the action proposed. After stressing the importance of maintaining the principle of permanency for entries made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, Dr. Zimmer proceeded as follows :— The principle of permanency is completely upset, however, by the proposal to remove Gallinago from the List and replace it by Capella. It would be less objectionable to alter the authority for, and reference to, Gallinago and credit Brisson with the name, although I am not convinced that this is not also an infraction of the authority of the List, but to supplant it by Capella destroys all faith in the Official List as a permanent standard. 11. Objection received from M. Noél Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris) : Under cover of a letter dated 17th March 1953 M. Noél Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris) furnished the following comment amounting to an objection to the action proposed in the present case: ‘“‘ Gallinago Brisson, 1760, est un nom d’espéce, qui n’invalide pas Capella Frenzel® ”’. 12. Objection received from Dr. D. L. Serventy (Common- wealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Wildlite Survey Section, Perth, Western Australia) : On 22nd April 1953 Dr. D. L. Serventy (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 6 For a full account of the usage of the generic name Gallinago by Brisson in 1760 see paragraph 5 of the application reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction. 106 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Research Organisation, Wildlife Survey Section, Perth, Western Australia) addressed the following letter to the Office of the Commission objecting to the action proposed in the present case :— I was interested in your article in The Emu, 53(1), 1953 : 71,7 con- cerning certain applications relating to the names of birds submitted to the International Commission. I would like to offer some comments on the case cited above. It would be a very retrograde step in my opinion to remove any name from the Official List of Generic Names merely because, after the acceptance of such a List, a prior name is subsequently discovered. Such a List is surely prepared and authorised to preserve names in perpetuity and, to quote the late Joseph Grinnell (Condor, xli, 1939 : 118) to place them “‘ permanently beyond the reach of name- shifters; 7’, It must be confessed that in the Gallinago case, the majority of ornithologists followed Gregory Mathews in defying the Commission in this matter and used Capella. The Royal Australasian Ornitholo- gists Union was an exception and Australian publications have almost invariably continued to use Gallinago. It is pleasing to find that some overseas ornithologists, after having used Capella, are now reverting to Gallinago. 1 may quote Ernst Mayr (Birds of the Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 44), Jean Delacour and Ernst Mayr (Birds of the Philippines, 1946, p. 72) and Jean Delacour (Birds of Malaysia, 1947, p. 87). If the Commission gives way on this point an unfortunate precedent will have been established and one which will undermine one’s faith in the security of any other name on the Official List. 13. Supplementary Report submitted by the Secretary in October 1955: In May 1954 there was issued to the Members of the Commission a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)78) in which particulars were given of the comments received in the present case and a decision invited on the action recommended in the application submitted in 1952. From comments received from certain of the Members of the Commission during the Prescribed Voting _ ?. The article here referred to is the Public Notice regarding the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case referred to in paragraph 4 of the present Direction which was issued to, and published in, The Emu and other ornithological serial publications. DIRECTION 39 107 Period on the foregoing Voting Paper it was evident that, having regard to the fact that this was not a case where the only action possible was a straight choice between two opposing alternatives, the Commissioners concerned found it difficult to decide how to record their vote. Accordingly, at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the Secretary took the view that the best course would be to resubmit this case to the Commission for a fresh vote, the Revised Voting Paper so to be issued to be prepared in such a way that instead of being asked to vote affirmatively or negatively on a single proposal Commissioners would have before them alternative proposals of an affirmative character from which they could choose whichever seemed to them best calculated to serve the general interest. In pursuance of this decision Mr. Hemming on 4th August 1954 executed a Minute of Direction withdrawing the proposals submitted on the Voting Paper referred to above. In the ensuing period, Mr. Hemming carried out, as opportunity offered, a survey of the extent to which during the years 1916 to 1954 the names Gallinago and Capella respectively had been used as the generic name for the Common Snipe. On 27th October 1955 Mr. Hemming submitted to the Commission the following Supplementary Report in which he summarised the history of the present case, gave particulars of the information which he had collected regarding the relative usage of the foregoing generic names during the last forty years and submitted alternative proposals for arriving at a decision on the action to be taken in this matter :— Request for a Ruling on the question whether the generic name ‘** Gallinago ’’ or the name ‘‘ Capella ”’ shall be the generic name correctly applicable to the Common Snipe (Class Aves) (proposed review of an erroneous Ruling given in ** Opinion ”’ 67) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.£. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In the present note I re-submit with additional considerations the problem whether the name Gallinago or the name Capella should be accepted as the generic name for the Common Snipe, a question which I submitted to the Commission in 1952 but on which no decision has as yet been promulgated. 108 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. The main features of this case were set out in a paper of mine which was published in Triple Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 93—95), and it is necessary here to recapitulate only the following points :— (a) In 1916 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 the generic name Gallinago Koch, 1816 (type species: Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758) was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. (b) In the process of checking against recent monographs, catalogues, etc., the entries made in the Official List in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period, I observed that, whereas in 1916 Hartert in the main portion of his Végel pal. Faun. had used the generic name Gallinago Koch for the Common Snipe, he had replaced that name by the name Capella Frenzel, 1801 in the supplementary volume published in 1921. (c) The nominal genus Capella Frenzel, 1801, has as its type species by monotypy the nominal species Capella coelestis Frenzel, 1801, which species is subjectively identified by ornithologists with Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of Gallinago Koch, 1816. The latter generic name is therefore a junior subjective synonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801. (d) On becoming aware of the substitution by Hartert of the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, for the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, I made further enquiries as to current usage. This showed that Peters (in vol. 2 of his Checklist) has used the name Capella Frenzel and that he had been widely followed by later authors. Since my paper of 1952 I have ascertained, however, that several important authors have continued to use the name Gallinago Koch, despite the priority of Capella Frenzel. I attach as Appendix | to this note particulars of recent and comparatively recent usage of the names Capella and Gallinago respectively which have been gleaned from a search of standard works and from a study of the annual volumes of the Zoological Record undertaken by this Office. Though doubtless not complete, the list so given is, I believe, representative in the picture which it gives. (e) In 1951/52 I undertook for quite a different purpose a survey. of the names used in Brisson’s Ornithologia of 1760, a work which, considering its early date, its intrinsic importance and the large numbers of well-known names which it contains, has been surprisingly neglected by ornithologists in many respects. This survey disclosed amongst many other things the existence of a generic name Gallinago Brisson (type species by absolute tautonymy : Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758). The name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, is therefore a senior subjective synonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801, and a senior DIRECTION 39 109 objective synonym of Gallinago Koch, 1816. Moreover, the name Gallinago Koch is not merely (as previously thought) a junior subjective synonym of Capella Frenzel but is also an objectively invalid name, being a junior homonym of Gallinago Brisson. 3. In my paper of 1952 I suggested, after consultation with Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, at that time Chairman of the Standing Committee of Ornithological Nomenclature established by the Tenth International Ornithological Congress, Uppsala, 1950, that the situation discussed in the preceding paragraph should be resolved by the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, thereby validating the name Capella Frenzel. I submitted this recommendation because on the evidence then available it seemed to be the one best calculated to promote stability in the nomenclature of the group concerned. 4. In the period following the publication in October 1952 of Triple- Part 1/3 of volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, the Part which contained a large number of applications relating to ornithological nomenclature, including the application relating to the present case, communications intimating general support for the action proposed in all these applications were received from thirty-six institutions, groups of ornithologists and individual specialists. In addition, communications specifically concerned with the present problem were received from nine ornithologists, of whom eight were Americans and one was an Australian. Of these specialists six favoured the suppression of Gallinago Brisson and the consequent validation of Capella Frenzel, while three favoured the retention of the name Gallinago. 5. The following are the names of the six American ornithologists who supported the proposal to validate the name Capella Frenzel, for which they expressed their “‘ strong approval’’ and intimated their hope that the Commission would “‘take favorable action on it” :— Josselyn Van Tyne (Ann Arbor, Michigan); Robert W. Storer (Ann Arbor); Andrew J. Berger (Ann Arbor); Olin Sewall Pettingill, Jr. (Northfield, Minnesota); Frank A. Pitelka (Berkeley, California) ; John Davis (Los Angeles, California). 6. The three ornithologists who objected to the substitution of Capella for Gallinago on the Official List were: Ernst Mayr (then of New York); John T. Zimmer (New York); D. L. Serventy (Perth, Western Australia). All three of these specialists made the point that the name Gallinago had been placed on the Official List and that it would be wrong in principle to remove it therefrom (in favour of Capella), for the utility of the Official List would be seriously impaired if names were to be removed from it if later they were found to be 110 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS technically defective in some nomenclatorial respect. Mayr pointed out that the change-over from Gallinago to Capella had not been so complete as had been suggested in my 1952 paper, and in this con- nection he wrote: “In the Birds of the Southwest Pacific and Birds of the Philippines { have used the name Gallinago, as have other authors working on the Australian, Papuan, Malayan and India region. For instance, it is the name used in Delacour’s Birds of Malaysia and in his recent publications on Indo-Chinese birds”’. Serventy wrote: “It must be confessed that in the Gallinago case, the majority of orni- thologists followed Gregory Mathews in defying the Commission in this matter and used Capella. The Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union was an exception and Australian publications have almost invariably continued to use Gallinago”’’. As regards the name Capella Mayr pointed out that it “‘ was published in an ornithologically worthless publication which has been wisely ignored for 150 years and of which, to my knowledge, only a single copy is extant—that in the Library of Cambridge University ’’. 7. It is very unfortunate that, when the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, was unearthed as a senior subjective synonym of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, the matter was not at once brought to the attention of the Commission, for there would have been the strongest grounds for the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of promoting stability in the nomenclature of the group of birds con- cerned, having regard to the fact (1) that the generic name Gallinago Koch was extremely well-known and had been in use for well over one hundred years, (2) that this generic name had already been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, (3) that the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, had been totally ignored for upwards of one hundred and twenty years, and (4) that it was published in a work of (as Mayr explains) no ornithological value of which only one copy survives and which therefore has not been seen and will never be seen by any but a very few ornithologists. The failure by ornithologists to bring this matter before the Commission at the time when the name Capella Frenzel first came to light has, however, created a difficult situation, for a return to the name Gallinago would mean a reversal of much modern practice. On the other hand, the use of Capella in place of Gallinago in recent decades has not been so unanimous as I had supposed in 1952, and from this point of view the substitution of Capella for Gallinago would be a hardship for those workers who have throughout continued to use the name Gallinago in the belief that this was the correct course, having regard to the fact that the name Gallinago had been placed on the Official List before the rival claims of Capella were advanced. If such a case were to arise today, the rejection of Gallinago Koch in favour of the older name Capella Frenzel by individual workers without resort to the Commission, would in fact be contrary to the Régles, for in 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 268, Point (c)) the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology adopted a provision protecting generic names which had DIRECTION 39 Let been placed on the Official List from attacks of this kind until the matter had been brought before, and decided by, the International Commission. 8. It is essential that the Commission should now take a decision in this matter, for the entry on the Official List of the name Gallinago Koch must be regularised in one way or another before the Official List can be published in book-form. For the reasons explained above it seems certain that some inconvenience will be inevitable, for whatever the decision now taken by the Commission some ornithologists will need to change the generic name which they are currently using for the Common Snipe. When in 1954 the stage was reached for asking the Commission to vote on the present case, I prepared for its consideration a Voting Paper (V.P.(54)78) in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote on the proposal submitted in 1952, namely that Gallinago Brisson, 1760, should be suppressed under the Plenary Powers and that its junior subjective synonym Capella Frenzel, 1801, thus validated, should be placed on the Official List in place of the objectively invalid name Gallinago Koch. From communications received from certain of the Members of the Commission it was evident that, having regard to the fact that this was not a case where the only action possible was a straight choice between two opposing alternatives, some Commissioners had found it difficult to decide how to record their vote. Accordingly, at the close of the Prescribed Voting Period I took the view, as Secretary, that the best course would be to re-submit this case to the Commission for a fresh vote, the Revised Voting Paper so to be issued to be prepared in such a way that instead of being asked to vote affirmatively or negatively on a single proposal Commissioners would have before them alternative proposals of an affirmative character from which they could choose whichever seemed to them best calculated to serve the general interest. Alternative Proposals on which it is proposed that the Commission now be asked to vote 9. There are two issues of substance on which it is now proposed that Members of the Commission should be asked to vote. The first issue Of substance is whether the generic name properly applicable to the Common Snipe shall be Gallinago or Capella. On this question two alternatives are now submitted for decision, namely Alternative *“ A” (acceptance of Gallinago) and Alternative “‘ B’’ (acceptance of Capella). The second issue of substance is whether, if Gallinago is to be accepted, that name shall rank from Brisson, 1760 (as it does at present) or whether it shall be credited to Koch, 1816, the author and date to which it has always been attributed in the literature. This question is submitted because it is clear that some specialists (e.g. Zimmer) are of the opinion not only that the name Gallinago should be accepted but also that it should be attributed to the author and date by which it has always been known and not to Brisson, 1760, whose riZ OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS prior responsibility for this name has only come to light in the course of the last year or so. On this question also two alternatives are now submitted, namely Alternative “‘ X”’ (acceptance of Koch, 1816, as the author and date of the name Gallinago) and Alternative *“‘ Y ”’ (acceptance of Brisson, 1760, as the author and date of the name Gallinago). Itis particularly hoped that all members of the Commission will vote on the foregoing question and not merely those who favour the acceptance of the name Gallinago, for, if the proposal in favour of that name (A/ternative “‘A ’’ above) is adopted by a majority of the Commission, it is desired to have on record the views of all Commissioners on the question of the authorship and date to be attributed to it. 10. While the simplified titles given above for the various alternatives now submitted will, it is hoped, be of convenience to the Members of the Commission in deciding how to cast their votes in the present case, I feel that it is desirable also to set out in full the Ruling which would be given by the Commission according to whichever of the alternative Rulings it decides to adopt. These particulars are given in Appendix 2 to the present paper and it is only necessary to note here that the broad effect of the adoption of each of the alternative decisions now submitted for consideration would be as follows :— (1) An affirmative vote on Alternative “‘A’’ (acceptance of the name Gallinago as against Capella Frenzel), on Part 1 of the annexed Voting Paper, if coupled with an affirmative vote on A/ternative **X ” (acceptance of Gallinago as from Koch, 1816) in Part 2 of the annexed Voting Paper, would lead to the adoption of the Ruling given as Draft Ruling No. 1 in Appendix 2 to the present paper. (2) An affirmative vote on Alternative “‘A’’ (acceptance of the name Gallinago as against Capella Frenzel, 1801) on Part 1 of the annexed Voting Paper, if coupled with an affirmative vote on Alternative “‘ Y’’ (acceptance of Gallinago as from Brisson, 1760) in Part 2 of the annexed Voting Paper would lead to the adoption of the Ruling given as Draft Ruling No. 2 in Appendix 2 to the present paper. (3) An affirmative vote on Alternative ‘“‘ B”’ (acceptance of Capella Frenzel, 1801, as against the name Gallinago) on Part 1 of the annexed Voting Paper would lead to the adoption of the Ruling given as Draft Ruling No. 3 in Appendix 2 to the present paper. A Proposal on Procedure which Members of the Commission are invited to approve 11. The method of voting by way of a series of alternative affirmative proposals, which has been adopted in the present case, is well adapted DIRECTION 39 113 for securing decisions from the Commission when the issue involved is one where a direct vote on a single proposition would not necessarily exhaust the possible courses of action which might be taken. This procedure, however, does not fit in very readily with the procedure prescribed for dealing with cases where the proposal submitted involves the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers. The required Public Notices have been duly given in the present case and no difficulty arises under that head. However, in order to secure a decision under the Plenary Powers procedure, it is now necessary not only that there should be a majority of votes in the Commission in favour of the action proposed, but also that that majority shall consist of not less than two out of every three votes cast (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4:51, Point (b)). This creates a procedural problem in the present case which must be faced, for under the foregoing rule a vote by the majority of the Commission could be negatived by a vote of a minority of only just over one-third of the total number of votes cast. Moreover, the fact that some of the alternatives do not involve the use of the Plenary Powers (and therefore can be approved by a simple majority), while others do involve the use of those Powers (and therefore require for their adoption a two-thirds majority) might result in the adoption, on the separate Parts of the Voting Paper now submitted, of decisions which were irreconcilable with one another. Leaving aside the question whether the two-thirds rule for Plenary Powers cases represents the most suitable procedure for new applications, it will, I think, be agreed that it is not necessarily appropriate in a case such as the present which is concerned with the regularisation in one manner or another of an erroneous decision already taken. Although it is desirable that cases of all types should be handled as expeditiously as possible, there is an element of urgency attaching to the correction of former errors which does not normally arise in the case of new applications. For it is particularly important that errors of the past should be corrected as quickly as possible, so that specialists in the groups concerned may be relieved without delay of the uncertainties created by those errors. In cases such as the present which are concerned with correcting former errors in entries made in the Official List there is at the present time a further element of special urgency, for all such errors must be regularised by the Commission in one way or another before arrangements can be made for the publication in book-form of the instalments so far placed on the Official Lists. The preparations for the publication of this volume are now well advanced and it is of the highest importance that the completion of this task should not be impeded by any failure to provide decisions on outstanding questions. Accordingly I recommend that, in order to ensure the adoption of a definitive decision in the present case, a twofold procedure should be adopted, namely (i) that the Commission should vote first on the nomenclatorial issues involved in the present case, and (ii) that, having done so, it should vote on a procedure designed to ensure that the decisions so taken shall be effectively binding as decisions of the Commission as a body, irrespective of whether, if in 114 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the case of any of the proposals which involve the use of the Plenary Powers there is a majority in favour of the use of those Powers, the majority of votes cast is a two-thirds majority. The Voting Paper now submitted consists therefore of three separate Parts. As already explained (paragraph 10 above), Parts 1 and 2 each deal with alternative decisions on the nomenclatorial issues involved in the present case as between which the Commission is invited to make a choice. Part 3 is concerned with a proposal designed to secure that decisions taken on Parts 1 and 2 shall not be upset by the operation of the technical conditions attaching to the use of the Plenary Powers procedure. In this Part a proposal is submitted that, if a majority of the Members of the Commission vote in favour of a course involving the use of the Plenary Powers either on Part 1 or on Part 2 of the annexed Voting Paper but the majority of votes so cast does not amount to a majority of two out of every three votes cast, this fact shall nevertheless not render ineffective the majority vote taken on the earlier Part or Parts of the Voting Paper. The procedure recommended above is in full conformity with the provisions prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology regarding the procedure to be observed in voting upon applications involving the use of the Plenary Powers, for the two- thirds majority rule prescribed by the Congress will apply to the vote on Part 3 of the Voting Paper. All that in effect the proposal submitted in Part 3 does is to transfer the application of the two-thirds majority rule from the votes on Parts 1 and 2 to the vote on Part 3, thus leaving the questions specified in Parts 1 and 2 to be dealt with by a simple majority if the proposal submitted in Part 3 is approved = at least two votes out of every three cast. APPENDIX 1 An indication of the extent to which during the years 1916 to 1954 authors used the generic names ‘‘ Capella ’’ and ‘‘ Gallinago ”’ respectively as the generic name for the Common Snipe Neither the supporters of the generic name Capella nor those of the generic name Gallinago as the name for the Common Snipe have furnished detailed analyses of the relative usage of these names in recent times such as were furnished in the case of the Decapod names Crangon Fabricius, 1798, Crangon Weber, 1795, and Crago Lamarck, 1801, by Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Leiden) and Dr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. (Washington, D.C.) (Opinion 334). It appeared to me, however, that it would be useful in the present case to lay before the Commission some particulars as to current usage, even though the list so compiled could not claim to do more than give a general indication of the practice of ornithologists in this matter. The following particulars have therefore been compiled in the Office of the Commission, mainly by consulting well-known recent works but partly also by reference to the annual volumes of the Zoological Record and from information supplied by ornithologists who have offered comments as to the action DIRECTION 39 115 which it is desirable should be taken by the International Commission. The list which has been compiled has not been prepared in the form of a detailed bibliography, for it has been considered that for the present purposes it would be sufficient to record the name of each author, and the date of the work concerned and to give some indication of the nature of that work. 2. Subject to the foregoing reservations the following particulars are submitted of usage during the period since the publication in 1916 of Opinion 67 (in which the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology) up to the present time :— (a) Works in which the generic name *‘ Capella” Frenzel, 1801, has been used in place of “* Gallinago’’ Koch, 1816 American Ornithologists’ Union Checklist, 1931 Peters, Checklist of Birds of the World, 1934 Handbook of British Birds, 1940, vol. 4 Gregory Mathews, 1920, Australian Avian Record 4 : 131 Jackson, 1926 (Kenya and Uganda) Belcher, 1930 (Nyasaland) Bates, 1930 (West Africa) Friedemann, 1930 (Ethiopia and Kenya) Wait, 1931 (Ceylon) Wetmore & Swales, 1931 (Haiti) Priest, 1934 (Rhodesia) Taverner, 1934 (Canada) Roberts, 1940 (South Africa) Woods, 1943 (Michigan birds) Moltoni, 1944 (Italian East Africa) Bond, 1945 (West Indies) Bailey, 1948 (Alaska) Bannerman, 1951 (Tropical West Africa) Glenister, 1951 (Malaya, Singapore and Penang) Bannerman, 1953 (West and Tropical Africa) Cave and McDonald, 1955 (Sudan) Phillips, 1953 (Ceylon) 7 Salim Ali, 1953 (Travancore and Cochin) Macleod, 1954 (Key to names of British Birds) Meinertzhagen, 1954 (Arabia) 116 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Works in which the generic name “‘ Gallinago’’ Koch 1816, has been retained Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union Almost all Australian publications (letter from D. L. Serventy) Authors working in the Australian, Papuan, Malayan and India Regions (letter from E. Mayr) Priest, 1929 (Southern Rhodesia) Mayr, 1945 (Southwest Pacific) Delacour and Mayr, 1946 (Philippines) Delacour, 1947 (Malaysia; also publications by this author on Indo-Chinese birds) 3. It must be emphasised again that the foregoing particulars could no doubt be greatly extended if the literature of the last thirty years were to be carefully examined by ornithologists for this purpose. It is, however, clear that, as stated in litt. by Serventy, one of the advocates of the name Gallinago, the weight of usage since the time of Gregory Mathews has been on the side of Capella rather than on that of Gallinago. Against this due regard must, however, be given to the fact that prior to the re-awakening of the name Capella some thirty years ago, the name Gallinago Koch possessed an undisputed supremacy in the literature, having been used by leading authors for over one hundred years. 4. In judging the particulars of usage given in paragraph 2 above, it must be noted also that those authors who changed over from Gallinago Koch, 1816, to Capella Frenzel, 1801, did so in the belief that Capella was the oldest available generic name subjectively applicable to the Common Snipe and therefore that this was the correct name to be used for the genus containing this species. The authors concerned were not aware that the oldest available name objectively applicable to the Common Snipe was Gallinago Brisson, 1760, a name having more than forty years’ priority over Capella Frenzel. Most of the authors cited in section (a) of paragraph 2 above are well known for their orthodoxy in matters of nomenclature and it cannot be doubted that, if they had been aware of the existence of the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, they would not have taken up the name Capella Frenzel but would have continued to use the name Gallinago, attributing it, however, to Brisson, 1760, instead of to Koch, 1816. But it was not only those authors who substituted the name Capella for that of Gallinago who thought that in so doing they were following the strict letter of the law, for some of those who continued to use the name Gallinago Koch believed that thereby they also were acting in strict conformity with the Régles, having regard to the fact that the name Gallinago Koch had been placed on the DIRECTION 39 117 Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. For the period since the Paris Congress of 1948 this belief was well-founded, for that Congress laid it down that a name which has been placed on the Official List, even if later found to be technically defective, is not to be discarded in favour of some other name without the prior consent of the Commission. APPENDIX 2 Drafts of Alternative Rulings submitted in relation to the generic names ** Gallinago ”’ and ‘‘ Capella ”’ Draft Ruling No. 1 (validation of the generic name “ Gallinago’’ as from Koch, 1816 (author and date customarily attributed to this name) and confirmation of the entry of this name on the “ Official List’ made in 1916) (1) Under the Plenary Powers (a) Gallinago Brisson, 1760, to be suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy and (b) Capella Frenzel, 1801, to be suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816 (gender: feminine) (type species, by absolute tautonymy: Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758) made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 to be confirmed. (3) The specific name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago (specific name of type species of Gallinago Koch, 1816) to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. (4) The generic names specified in (1) above as there suppressed under the Plenary Powers, together with Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801), to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (5) The specific name media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago, to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Draft Ruling No. 2 (acceptance of the name “* Gallinago ’’ Brisson, 1760, and substitution on the “* Official List”? of that name in place of the name ** Gallinago’’ Koch, 1816) (1) The following entry to be inserted in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in place of the entry thereon of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67: Gallinago 118 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Brisson, 1760 (gender : feminine) (type species, by absolute tautonomy : Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, 1758). (2) The specific name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago (specific name of type species of Gallinago Brisson, 1760) to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. (3) The names Gallinago Koch, 1816 (a junior homonym, and a junior objective synonym, of Gallinago Brisson, 1760) and Capella Keyserling Blasius, 1840 (a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801) to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (4) The name media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago) to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Draft Ruling No. 3 (validation of the generic name ‘‘ Capella’? Frenzel, 1801, and substitution of that name for “ Gallinago”’ Koch, 1816, on the ‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’) (1) Under the Plenary Powers, the generic name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, to be suppressed for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, to be replaced by the following entry : Capella Frenzel, 1801 (gender : feminine) (type species by monotypy : Capella coelestis Frenzel, 1801 (see Note below)). (3) The specific name gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. (4) The generic name (a) Gallinago Brisson, 1760, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1) above, and (b) Gallinago Koch, 1816 (a junior homonym of Gallinago Brisson, 1760), and (c) Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel 1801) to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (5) The name media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus, DIRECTION 39 119 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago), to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. NOTE (to all three Draft Rulings): I have not yet been able to obtain a photostat copy of the portion of Frenzel’s book containing his generic name Capella, but I hope to do so at an early date®. It seems likely that, just as Koch later gave the substitute name Gallinago media to Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus, so also earlier Frenzel gave the substitute name Capella coelestis to that species. If this proves to be the case, the name coelestis Frenzel, 1801 (like media Koch, 1816) is a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago, and the invalid name coelestis Frenzel, 1801, should now be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology, as well as media Koch, 1816. IJI.—THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 14. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 : On 27th October 1955 a Revised Voting Paper numbered Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)36 was issued to the Members of the Commission in regard to the present case. This Voting Paper was divided into three Parts on which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote separately. Parts 1 and 2 were each concerned directly with the subject matter of the present case. On each of these Parts the Members of the Commission were asked to vote affirm- atively on one or other of alternative affirmative courses. Part 3 was concerned with a question of procedure on which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either affirmatively or negatively on the proposition submitted. Details of the proposals so submitted in the several Parts of the foregoing Voting Paper are given in paragraphs 16, 17 and 18 below, in which paragraphs are given also particulars of the votes cast thereon by the Members 8 For later developments see paragraph 21 of, and the Appendix to, the present Direction. 120 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of the Commission. The following explanatory note referring to all three Parts appeared at the end of the Voting Paper :— IMPORTANT NOTE :—tThis Voting Paper is divided into Three Parts, on each of which each Member of the Commission is invited to record his vote. For an explanation of the reason for the adoption of this procedure see paragraphs 9, 10 and 11 of the memorandum bearing the same Registered Number as the present Voting Paper submitted by the Secretary simultaneously therewith.°® 15. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 27th November 1955. 16. Particulars of the question voted upon in Part 1 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(55)36 and of the votes cast thereon: In Part I of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.(55)36 the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either “‘ for Alternative ‘A’ (acceptance of name Gallinago) or for Alternative ‘ B’ (acceptance of the name Capella)’. At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state of the voting on Part 1 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 was as follows :— (a) In favour of Alternative “‘ A” (acceptance of “‘ Gallinago ”’), twenty-two (22) votes : Riley ; Holthuis; Bonnet; Hering; Mertens; Stoll; Vokes; Boschma; Bodenheimer; Mayr; Esaki; Dymond ; Key; Bradley (J.C.) ; do Amaral ; Hank ; Cabrera ; Kuhnelt ; Hemming; Tortonese ; Sylvester- Bradley ; Lemche ; (b) In favour of Alternative “‘ B”’ (acceptance of ‘‘ Capella’’), three (3) votes : Jaczewski ; Prantl ; Miller ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. ® The memorandum here referred to has been reproduced in paragraph 13 of the present Direction. DIRECTION 39 121 17. Particulars of the question voted upon in Part 2 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 and of the votes cast thereon : In Part 2 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either ‘‘ for Alternative ‘ X’ (acceptance of Gallinago as from Koch, 1816) or for Alternative ‘ Y ’ (acceptance of Gallinago as from Brisson, 1760)”. At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state of the Voting on Part 2 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 was as follows :— (a) In favour of Alternative “‘ X”’ (acceptance of ** Gallinago ”’ as from Koch, 1816), four (4) votes : Hering ; Esaki; Key; Miller; (b) In favour of Alternative ““ Y”’ (acceptance of ** Gallinago ” as from Brisson, 1760), twenty-one (21) votes : Riley ; Holthuis; Bonnet; Mertens; Stoll; Vokes ; Boschma ; Bodenheimer; Mayr; Dymond; Bradley (J.C.); do Amaral; Hank6d; Cabrera; Jaczewski ; Kiihnelt ; Hemming; Tortonese; Prantl; Sylvester- Bradley ; Lemche ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 18. Particulars of the question voted upon in Part 3 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 and of the votes cast thereon : In Part 3 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “‘ the proposal set out in paragraph 11 of the paper submitted by the Secretary simul- taneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in paragraph 13 of the present Direction], that for the reasons there explained, if in the vote either on Part 1 or on Part 2 of the present Voting Paper a majority of votes is cast in favour of the use of the Plenary Powers but that majority is not a two-thirds majority, this fact 122 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS shall nevertheless not render ineffective the majority vote or votes so taken on the earlier Parts of the present Voting Paper ”’. At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state of the voting on Part 3 of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-one (21) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley; Bonnet; Hering; Mertens; Stoll; Vokes; Bodenheimer ; Mayr; Esaki; Dymond; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Cabrera; Jaczewski; Kuhnelt ; Hemming ; Tortonese; Prantl; §Sylvester-Bradley; Miéiller; Lemche ; (b) Negative Votes, four (4) : Holthuis ; Boschma ; Key ; Bradley (J.C.) ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 19. Deferment by the Secretary in November 1955 of the Declaration of the Result of the Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)36 : On 28th November 1955, the day following the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed a Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 575, directing that the Declaration of the Result of the Vote on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)36 be deferred until such time as a photostat copy of the relevant portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung of 1801 had been obtained and until in consequence it was possible to determine whether the name for the Snipe published in that work was an available name or whether it was invalid and in consequence required under the terms of the vote taken by the Commission on the foregoing Voting Paper to be placed on the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names. DIRECTION 39 123 20. Addition of the generic name ‘‘ Capella ’’ Frenzel, 1801, to the ‘* Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ’? : On 8th February 1956 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 575 the following Minute recording the receipt of a photostat copy of the relevant portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung, directing that in accordance with the vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 the objectively invalid name Capella Frenzel, 1801, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, and confirming the decision that the generic name Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, be entered on the foregoing Official Index, subject to an amendment of the explanatory note to be attached to the said entry :— Addition of the name ‘‘ Capella’’ Frenzel, 1801, to the ‘° Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) At the time of the submission of the proposals in regard to the Capella/Gallinago problem, laid before the International Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36, I reported that I was attempting to obtain a photostat copy of the portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung der Végel und ihrer Eier in der Gegend von Wittenberg of 1801 in which the generic name Capella was published in order to make sure that Capella coelestis was in fact an available name and recommended that, if this proved not to be the case, an addition should be made to the appropriate Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names. This proposal, together with the other proposals then submitted, was =i by the Commission in its vote on the foregoing Voting aper. _ 2, At the time of the submission of the above proposal I had been informed by Dr. Ernst Mayr that, so far as he knew, there was only one copy extant of Frenzel’s book and that this copy was at Cambridge. After some enquiry I ascertained that the copy in question was in the Balfour Library in the Department of Zoology at Cambridge University. Through the kindness of the Librarian of that Institution in depositing the copy of Frenzel’s book at the University Library in order that it might be photographed, I have now obtained photostats of the relevant pages (pp. 58—S9). The grateful thanks of the Commission are due to the Librarians of both these Institutions for the prompt and willing help rendered by them in this matter. 124 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3. The information required is found to be on page 58 of Frenzel’s book where his account of the Snipe starts, page 59 containing only a continuation of the description of that bird. Now that at last a copy of the relevant portion of Frenzel’s Beschreibung is available for study the situation is found to be quite different from that hitherto supposed. The chief points to be noted are :— (a) Contrary to the statements in modern works Frenzel did not introduce for the Snipe a new generic name consisting of the word Capella and he did not call that bird by the name Capella coelestis. (b) Frenzel placed the Snipe in the same genus—Scolopax—as that in which it had been placed by Linnaeus in 1758 when it was given the name Scolopax gallinago. (c) Frenzel did use for the Snipe the new specific name coelestis. In doing so, he gave no explanation of why he considered that a new name was needed for this species or why he considered the Linnean name gallinago unsuitable. Indeed, he made no reference whatever to Linnaeus. (d) In the early part of the discussion of this species Frenzel observed that the Snipe was the bird which sportsmen called the ** Becasse ’’ and that by some writers it was known as Capella coelestis. His actual words were: ‘“‘Es ist die Schnepfe, welche die Jager eigentlich ‘ Becasse’ und einige Schriftsteiler Capella coelestis nennen’’. This is the only mention by Frenzel of the word ‘‘ Capella’’. 4. Frenzel’s statement that the name or expression ‘‘ Capella coelestis’’ had been applied to the Snipe by some writers prompted me to undertake a further investigation of the literature with the object of determining, if possible, who were the authors referred to. So far as concerns the use of this expression as a scientific zoological name in the period from the starting point of zoology (1st January 1758) to the appearance in 1801 of Frenzel’s Beschreibung, these investigations were completely negative in their results. These investigations did, however, throw some very interesting light on the origin and history of the expression ‘* Capella coelestis’’’ as a vernacular (Latin) denomination applied to the Snipe in the XVIIIth century and either to that bird or to some other marsh bird both in the Middle Ages and, in a Greek equivalent, as far back as classical times. Though only of indirect concern to the question of the scientific name to be used for the Snipe, the information so collected is of such antiquarian and historical interest that it should, in my opinion, be placed on permanent record. I have accordingly summarised this information in a separate note which I hereby direct be annexed as an Appendix to the Commission’s Direction on this case. I am happy to take this opportunity of expressing the grateful thanks of the International DIRECTION 39 125 Commission to the two eminent scholars who have taken part in this interesting and unusual investigation, namely: Professor the Rev. L. W. Grensted, M.A., D.D., the Commission’s Consulting Classical Adviser, and Professor Charles Singer, M.A., D.Litt., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P. (London), Professor Emeritus of the History of Science in the University of London. 5. As regards the so-called generic name Capella Frenzel, 1801, the information provided by the photostat supplied by the Cambridge authorities which has been summarised in paragraph 3 above shows that Frenzel did not publish the above name as a new name nor did he adopt this name from some manuscript source. All that he did was to cite a binomen containing it—the binomen Capella coelestis—as a name or term which had been used by some writers to denote the Snipe. He did not suggest even that the writers to whom he was referring were binominal writers of works published subsequent to the appearance in 1758 of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae and the investigations since undertaken (paragraph 4 above) confirm the view expressed in modern ornithological works that Frenzel was the first author subsequent to the starting point of zoological nomenclature to include the term “‘ Capella” in a work on ornithology. Thus, on the most favourable view of the status of the term Capella, that name, if it can be recognised as ranking as a name, could not be rated higher than a manuscript name published by Frenzel in synonymy without an independent description or indication of its own. On the less favourable of the two possible views as to its status—and the view which is almost certainly the correct view—the term ‘“‘ Capella” was not used by any binominal author even as a manuscript scientific name and that it owes its origin entirely to usages as an expression to denote the Snipe by authors prior to the starting point of zoological nomenclature, i.e. prior to the year 1758. In this connection we have to take particular note that the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, decided that a name published in a synonymy and without an independent description, shall, as from a date to be specified, possess no status of availability under the Régles (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 63, Decision 115). The Congress decided also that none of the decisions on nomenclature taken by it should come into force until the first day of January of the year following that in which the revised text of the Régles was promulgated (ibid. : 103, Decision 196) but that in its day-to-day work the International Commission should guide itself by the decisions taken by that Congress (ibid. : 103, Decision 199). In these circum- stances the Commission is already bound to apply Decision 115 where cases of the type covered thereby come up for decision. Thus, even on the most favourable of the possible views which can be taken as to the status of the term Capella as published by Frenzel in 1801 (namely, that it is a manuscript generic name rejected by Frenzel and published by him in a synonymy without an independent description) the generic 126 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS name Capella Frenzel, 1801, would be invalid under Decision 115 of the Copenhagen Congress. Accordingly, as Secretary to the International Commission, I hereby direct that, in accordance with the General Directive relating to the recording of objectively invalid names on the appropriate Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology issued to the Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, and in compliance also with the decision taken by the Commission provisionally in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 in anticipation of the possibility of its later being found that the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, was invalid, the foregoing name, being a name published in synonymy and without an independent description, be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology in the Ruling to be given in the Direction embodying the decision taken by the Commission in its vote on the Voting Paper referred to above. 6. The rejection of Capella Frenzel, 1801, as a name possessing no status of availability makes it necessary to re-examine the position of the generic name Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, a name which by its vote on the Voting Paper specified above the Commission directed should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as being a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801. Now that Frenzel’s Capella is seen to possess no status of availability the name Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, is no longer invalid as being a junior homonym of Frenzel’s name and, other things being equal, would become an available name nomen- clatorially even though it might not be required for taxonomic purposes. In fact, however, the name Capella Keyserling & Blasius is invalid for quite a different reason, for it is a junior objective synonym of Rupicapra Blainville, 1816 (Bull. Soc. Sci. philomat., Paris 1816 : 75), both genera having Capra rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 68) as type species. Accordingly, the name Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, being an objectively invalid name, remains eligible for admission to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology and there is therefore no call to modify the decision taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36 that it be inscribed on the foregoing Index. It will be necessary, however, to revise the note of explanation to be added to this entry, so that instead of stating that this name is a junior homonym of Capella Frenzel, 1801, it shall state that it is a junior objective synonym of Rupicapra Blainville, 1816. As Secretary, I hereby direct that this change be made. 21. Declaration of the Result of Vote : On 8th February 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Votes taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraphs 16, 17 and 18 above and declaring DIRECTION 39 127 (i) that as regards Part I of the foregoing Voting Paper, the proposal there styled “* Alternative “A’ (acceptance of the name Gallinago)”’ had been duly adopted, that (ii) as regards Part 2 of the said Voting Paper, the proposal there styled “‘ Alternative ‘Y’ (acceptance of Gallinago as from Brisson, 1760)’ had been similarly adopted, (iii) that the proposal submitted in Part 3 of the said Voting Paper had been likewise adopted, (iv) that the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, had been duly placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, (v) that the decisions so taken were the decisions of the Committee in the matters aforesaid but (vi), having regard to the fact that neither the decision taken on Part 1, nor the decision taken on Part 2 of the foregoing Voting Paper nor that relating to the name Capella Frenzel involved the use of the Commission’s Plenary Powers, no occasion arose for giving effect to the decision taken in Part 3 of the said Voting Paper, subject to the clarifications specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 8th February 1956 (reproduced in paragraph 20 of the present Direction). 22. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 8th February 1956 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in full accord with the decision taken by the International Commission in its Votes on the several portions of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)36. 23. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Capella Frenzel, 1801, Beschr. Vogel und Eier Wittenberg : 56 Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840, Wirbelth. Europas 1:9 Gallinago Koch, 1816, Syst. baier. Zool. 1 : 312 gallinago, Scolopax, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 147 media, Gallinago Koch, 1816, Syst. baier. Zool. 1 : 314 24. Family-Group Names: No family-group-name problem arises in connection with the generic names dealt with in the present Direction. 128 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 25. At the time of the submission of the present application the name applicable to the second portion of a binomen was ‘trivial name’”’. This was altered to “specific name” by the Fourteenth International Congress of Zoology, Copenhagen, 1953, which at the same time made corresponding changes in the titles of the Official List and Official Index of names of this category. These changes in terminology have been incorporated in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 26. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 27. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Thirty- Nine (39) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Eighth day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING DIRECTION 39 129 APPENDIX ON THE USE OF THE EXPRESSION ‘* CAPELLA COELESTIS ” TO DENOTE THE SNIPE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ‘- ai ¥ cael ‘ia Ys ? 4. i =i ' ba ‘ee is, . ; iy : : “Hh el eri, F ‘ , ; Se el ee vind 7 oda noe Wi Ge ANAS ae FD ae wel DIRECTION 39 131 On the use of the expression ‘‘ Capella coelestis ’’? to denote the Snipe By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1 plate) The object of the present note is to place on record certain information which has been collected regarding the origin of the use of the Latin expression “‘ Capella coelestis”’ to denote the Snipe. 2. By way of introduction it is necessary to recall that for a number of years past an attempt has been made to replace as the generic name for the Snipe the name Gallinago Koch, 1816 by the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, on the ground that the latter had priority over the former. In an application (Z.N.(S.) 575) which I recently submitted to the Commission in connection with the preparations for the publication of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in book-form, I recommended that the entry thereon of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, should be removed and that the name Gallinago Brisson, 1760, which was undoubtedly the oldest available generic name for the Snipe should be entered on the Official List in place of the name Gallinago Koch, 1816, which, whatever might be its subjective relationship to the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, was invalid as a junior homonym of Gallinago Brisson, 1760. This application involved, incidentally, consideration being given to the name Capella Frenzel, 1801, and to the binomen Capella coelestis which Frenzel was reputed to have published for the Snipe. The book by Frenzel in which these names were reputed to have been published is entitled Beschreibung der Vogel und ihrer Eier in der Gegend von Wittenberg. This little work, of which the original (and only) edition was no doubt very small is excessively scarce but ultimately with the assistance of Professor Ernst Mayr I ascer- tained that there was a copy in the Balfour Library of the Department of Zoology at Cambridge University. The Librarian 132 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of that Institution very kindly made available his Library’s copy of Frenzel’s book to the Librarian of the University Library who most obligingly had indicated his willingness to arrange for photographs to be made of the relevant pages. Very shortly after this the much desired photographs were received in the Office of the Commission. The warmest thanks of the Com- mission are due to the great assistance rendered by the Librarians of these Institutions. Examination of the photographs received at once showed that of the pages concerned the page which contained the information of which I was in search was page 58. A facsimile reproduction of this page is given in the plate annexed to the present paper. 3. The receipt of the photograph of page 58 of Frenzel’s book made it possible at last to determine what in fact was the action in this matter taken by Frenzel in 1801. This proved to be totally different from that which had been attributed to him in all ornithological works in which his Beschreibung had found a notice. Frenzel, we now see, did apply the specific name coelestis to the Snipe but he did not introduce a new generic name con- sisting of the “‘ Capella’’, still less did he use a generic name consisting of this word as the generic name for this bird. On the contrary he placed the Snipe in the genus Scolopax as Scolopax coelestis, thus assigning it to the same genus as did Linnaeus when forty-three years earlier he gave it the name Scolopax gallinago in the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae of 1758. The word “* Capella’? occurs only once in Frenzel’s book, being used as a vernacular (Latin) name for the Snipe and cited as a name comparable with the vernacular (German) name “ Becasse ”’, which, as Frenzel explained, was the name applied to it by sportsmen (“die Jager’). The sentence in question reads as follows: “‘Es ist der Schnepfe, welche die Jager eigentlich * Becasse’’ und einige Schriftsteiler Capella coelestis nennen”’. 4. The particulars given above dispose completely of the claims which have been advanced by which Frenzel has been credited with having introduced the generic name Capella in his little book of 1801 and with having used this name for the Snipe. This discovery, interesting as it is, has, however, been robbed of the practical significance which it would otherwise have possessed by the other discovery made in this case, namely that Brisson DIRECTION 39 158 in 1760 established the nominal genus Gallinago for the Snipe and therefore that, even if there had been such a generic name as Capella Frenzel, 1801, that name would not have been required, as it would have been a junior subjective synonym of Gallinago Brisson, 1760. Nevertheless, it is very satisfactory that the reputed generic name Capella Frenzel, 1801, should have been shown up in its true colours as a mere phantom engendered of careless copying. 5. While Frenzel’s book is now seen to have contained no new generic name consisting of the word ‘‘ Capella”’, a subject which proves to be of great antiquarian and historical interest is opened up by Frenzel’s statement that the Latin expression “*‘ Capella coelestis’’ had been used for the Snipe by several writers. This tantalising observation prompted me to undertake an investigation which, before it had run its course, was to give rise to the most surprising discoveries and was to show that the expression ** Capella coelestis’”’ applied to the Snipe by Frenzel—or an equivalent Greek expression—was one of the greatest antiquity. 6. As a start of the proposed investigation, I made a search in all likely places in the literature of ornithology in the period from 1758 to 1801 for the purpose of making sure that the binomen Capella coelestis or at least the generic name Capella had not been used by some obscure author as scientific names for the Snipe. In view of the extent to which the literature of this period had already been combed through by ornithologists, it was no matter for surprise that I was unable to find a trace of any such usage in the period subsequent to the publication in 1758 of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus and prior to the publication of Frenzel’s Beschreibung in 1801. Concurrently with the above investigation I attempted also to ascertain whether during the same period either of the foregoing expressions had been applied to the Snipe not as scientific zoological names but as vernacular (Latin) designations. This search also proved entirely fruitless. It was just when I was on the point of abandoning the search that light was thrown on this subject from a most unexpected source. For, although no one subsequent to Linnaeus could be found to have used the elusive expression “* Capella coelestis’’, it suddenly came to light that in 134 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 1758 this expression had been applied to the Snipe by no less a writer than Linnaeus himself (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 147). Linnaeus then gave the name Scolopax gallinago to the Snipe and, after describing this species, citing some bibliographical references and indicating its distribution, added a brief comment in which he applied the expression “‘ Capella coelestis” to this species. Linnaeus’s comment was as follows :— Haec Capella coelestis cujus mas tam alte celerrimeque volitat, ut audiri, non vero oculis attingi possit. 7. Other works of Linnaeus were examined after the astonishing discovery described above but these threw no new light. on this subject. In the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Naturae published in 1766 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 244) the comment quoted above was taken over from the Tenth Edition, though in a slightly amended form. It read as follows: “‘haec Capella coelestis, cujus mas tam alte celerrimeque volitat cadendo, ut audiri, vix vero oculis attingi possit, dum femina sedit humi’’. 8. On making the surprising discovery described in paragraph 6 above, I at once consulted Professor L. W. Grensted, Consulting Classical Adviser to the International Commission, who on 29th March 1956 replied as follows :— An intriguing problem—even after the primary question is settled. I think that the expression ‘‘ Capella coelestis ’’ was used by some author before Linnaeus and without a definitely binominal intention. The sentence you quote from Linnaeus i.e. the sentence quoted in paragraph 4 above] can only mean :— ** This [is] Capella coelestis, whose male flies so high and so swiftly that it can be heard but not reached by the eyes ”’. In other words Linnaeus is saying (presumably as against somebody else) that what some earlier writers have called Capella coelestis—the Heavenly Goat—is the Snipe and not some other bird, probably the Woodcock. The point would be that the Cock Snipe, when “ roding ’’, does go up to a great height (up to 400 ft. according to the books), while the Woodcock flies quite low—at tree-top height. _—"" 7" oe ee Te eT ae eT lee DIRECTION 39 135 Is there a connection with the star called “‘ Capella ’’—also the Heavenly Goat? Some fanciful writer may easily have compared the roding of the Woodcock or the Snipe with bleating and linked up the bird with the star? 9. In a further letter (dated 9th April 1956) Professor Grensted supplemented his earlier report as follows :— I did a little search round in our Oriel Library yesterday and found very little to help. The big Ducange Glossarium has nothing relevant. And the only thing I found in the early English books is that in Willughby’s Ornithology, page 228, the “‘ Lapwing ’’ or Green Plover is called Capella sive Vanellus. This book was edited or revised by John Ray, and is dated 1676. In mediaeval Latin “ capella’? seems to be entirely used for a chapel. It is derived from a very late Latin “‘ cappella ”’ (from “‘ cappa ’’, a cloak—originally the cloak cut in half by St. Martin of Tours). The classical meaning, a goat (more often “‘capra’’), survived in the star “‘ capella”’. How Willughby came to use it for a plover (probably from the star in some way) is quite obscure. 10. At this point I consulted Professor Charles Singer, Professor Emeritus of the History of Science in the University of London, who, if anyone, I knew would be able to throw some light upon the mediaeval usage of the word “capella’’. The following is the interesting letter (dated 11th April 1956) received from Professor Singer in reply to this enquiry :— I cannot answer your question or explain “‘ capella”? but I can connect, from classical sources, the word “‘ capella” with a goat, a bird, and the constellation ‘‘ Capeila”’. This association may, at least, explain the term coelestis. Aristotle’s Historia Animalium, 593623 mentions. a marsh bird au€ (genitive aiyds) which D’Arcy Thompson conjecturally translates “horned grebe’’. The term “‘ goat like’’, ay-, is applied to other birds, e.g. aitye8os in 609a31 and 616b10. The early Greco-Latin and Latino-Greek glossaries before the 12th century have been collected and indexed. They yield an equation aié =“ capra”’ = “capella” and also the equation “‘ Capricornus”” = alyoképws = “signumincoelo’’. The star in Auriga that we name ** Capella ’”’ is already so named by Pliny in Historia naturalis. _ Thus the classical association seems there, right enough, though its meaning is beyond me. Could the note of a snipe be compared to any noise made by a goat? 136 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 11. The following is a copy of a letter (dated 14th April 1956) from Professor Grensted, to whom I had forwarded a copy of Professor Singer’s letter :— Queerer and queerer—and also nearer. Charles Singer’s letter is useful and revealing. I ought to have thought of looking at the Greek. Not only is there «’€é = “‘ capella’ (both as goat and as some sort of bird) but at& odpavios (= “capella coelestis’’) occurs more than once in a proverbial form in the Greek comic poets. ‘‘ The heavenly goat brings wealth’. What is wanted next is Maass on the Scholiasts on Aratus (the Greek astronomer-poet, who uses até of the star known, after him, as “‘ Capella’: see line 170 of his poem) and any evidence of the current astronomers or astrologers Linnaeus may have read. It will probably turn out, when we get at it, that some late mediaeval or sixteenth century writer makes the link—quite possibly with a knowledge of this Greek proverbial phrase—between the bird and the star, and gives the Latin form of the Greek. It might well have been in Pliny, but apparently isn’t. 12. Further light was thrown on this matter by Professor Grensted in the following letter dated 19th June 1956 :— Capella coelestis: Y made one more effort when I was recently in Oxford and I got out ali the major works of Aldrovandus—which Linnaeus certainly knew. There is nothing directly relevant, and the one reference to Capella is a queer one under the heading ** Stymphalides Aves’’. It reads: ‘‘ Hine author [sic] obscurus, qui de natura rerum scripsit, Vanellum avem vulgo dictam, seu Capellam Aristotelis, Stymphalidem Plinii esse arbitratus est’’. .(“‘ Hence an obscure author who wrote ‘On the Nature of Things’ thought that the bird commonly called Vanellus, or the Capella of Aristotle, is the Stymphalis of Pliny’”’.) This of course merely links Vanellus, Capella and a€ with some marsh bird, but it is interesting as showing that ** Capella”’ and not the usual ‘* Capra’’ was used in some mediaeval version of Aristotle. But I got no further there. The reference to Aldrovandus is 1590, Ornithologia, Lib. X : 622. (The most curious thing about the passage quoted above is that Aldrovandus should have written “‘author’”’ for the ordinary “‘ auctor ’’.) 13. It occurred to me on receiving the foregoing letter that it might be possible to obtain some further light on this subject by ascertaining whether Linnaeus had any astronomical or astrological works in his library. There is no separate catalogue of that library which for catalogue—though not for other— purposes has been incorporated in the general library of the Linnean Society of London. It is easy, however, to ascertain Opinions and Declarations, Vol. 1, Sect. D Plate | Betdclerdye, Atauda arborea. Dte Farbe tft der ibrigen siemlid) gleich), auch bat fle die Art, wo Gefabr su befitrdren, fb ntedersudritcten 5 mur der Kopf it mehr weiblih. Cie Rlegt um ‘Shige Haufenveife, und tabt tid auf Daumen nieder. Dad Cy gleichet den udvigen, jedod it ce clas weiser, und weniger vunteire. Beerfcuepfe SGimmrelssiege, Scolopax coelettis, eine befannte Art Sobnepfe, die von ihren Tb- nen, cic wie das Mecern dev Sregeit Eltn jen, den Namen ervalten har. Wenn Mefer Vogel das Meckern Hervorbringen will, fo erhcbt er fic) jederscit febr bed) in die Luft, und made algdann cinen Bogen unrerwarts nad dev red: ten Ceite, um mit feinem rechten Slugel ore nadabinender: Tine berverzubringen. Dtefes wiederholt cv fo fange, als er Wefabr gu be: firdten facy dann Pchiepe ex ta ctnem Sfuge febr febnell gu feinem Mete. Cott felattd fein Gefang des Vogels, oder Tone der Nehle, wie bey andern Vogein. Der Ktebiy bringe aud) ciacne Téne mic feinen Fiigqeta Hervor, fobaid man fich defjen Xeuce und erde nager. Es it die Sdhuepfe, weiche die Naaee ets gemtlicd) Becaive und erntae Zebriftfieder Ca- pella coelettis nennen. Cite leds ai den Cum: pfen ctufam init tore Weibder, und auper(t felten wird mai auch an grofen Seen iweb: rere yindct. Der Vogel hat bic Grove eines halowid: figen Nebhuhus; muv ue ex tanger ae ftrecte, ayer GHhnabel hat fat dre Lange des haiben Rorpers, tt vorne suaqecundet, oder vielncor bretr sul ments nen, der cbere cimwenig fanger, an dev Cptbe fchwars und mie decglcichen Warjden befebe, als of er mit Chagrin ubdcrjogen ware; dann wird der Dahuabes brauniich, unten geiblih, an ter Wurgel aber gruntlich; dte Mafenloder find Facsimile reproduction of page 58 of Frenzel, 1801, Beschreibung der Végel und ihrer Eier in der Gegend von Wittenberg : page containing the only use by Frenzel of the vernacular (Latin) expression ‘* Capella coelestis ’’. ~ n p P LS 7 7 P a? : a | am 6 z eu DIRECTION 39 137 what were the books which Linnaeus actually possessed for every such book is indicated by a Gothic capital “L” in brackets (parentheses) in the Catalogue of the Printed Books and Pamphlets in the Society’s Library published in 1925. In hope of the clue suggested by Professor Grensted in his letter of 14th April the Society’s Catalogue was examined both by Professor Grensted and myself. Unfortunately, the results were negative. The library of Linnaeus is mainly medical and botanical. It contains no astronomical works—not even Tycho Brahe, or the much earlier Copernicus. There is an Aristotle— Aristoteles Stagarita de Historia Animalium—but this is only a translation published in 1504 (1514) and not likely to be of help in the present connection. There are two works on astrology in the library, namely Albinus Petrus Constantius, Magia astrologica, Hamburgi, 1716; Lemnius, De Astrologia, Antwerpiae, 1553. Neither of these seems very likely. Unfortunately, it was not practicable to examine either of these works, for Professor Grensted found on enquiry that neither is in the Bodleian Library. It looks therefore as though Linnaeus must have derived his information about the use of the expression “ Capella coelestis’’ from some book which was not in his own library. 14. In communicating to me the results of his examination of the Linnean Society’s Catalogue (in litt., 4th July 1956) Professor Grensted added the following additional interesting ROE -— While in the Bodleian I looked up Aratus (the Greek astronomer, c. 270 B.c.) and found that he actually calls Capella Avé iepy “‘ the Sacred Goat’’, which is coming near. But the mediaeval commentaries which have been edited by E. Maass don’t help any further. There is no sign of the above expression having been used in connection with a bird. Still the phrase is interesting, coming on the way to the proverbial «i& odpavios and to Capella coelestis. 15. While it has not been possible definitely to establish from whom was derived the expression “‘ Capella coelestis ’’, as used by Linnaeus, in 1758 as a vernacular (Latin) expression to denote the Snipe, the information supplied by Professor Grensted and by Professor Singer is of the greatest interest as showing that from the times of Classical antiquity down the centuries words meaning “ goat’ and “ goat-like”’ have been applied to some 138 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS kind of marsh bird. There can be little doubt that this asso- ciation is based, as has been suggested by both the above authorities and as Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen (with whom I have dis- cussed this matter), agrees upon a real or fancied resemblance between the note of the birds concerned and the bleating of a goat. 16. The grateful thanks of the Commission are due to Professor Grensted and to Professor Singer for the invaluable assistance which they have rendered in this interesting and unusual investigation. Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LiMiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 oe OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.5. Pp. 139—152 DIRECTION 40 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of fifty-five genera of the Phylum Arthropoda, exclusive of genera of Decapod Crustacea, placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 ww 16 ess ) LONDON: Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office ‘41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Nine Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 17th September, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 40 Ve | The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. pete LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso EsAKI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HerInc (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (i2th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (AS5th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 40 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE NAMES OF FIFTY-FIVE GENERA OF THE PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, EXCLUSIVE OF GENERA OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA, PLACED ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-mentioned names of genera in the Phylum Arthropoda which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, is hereby determined as being the mascu- line gender :— (a) Class Insecta (12 names) : (i) Name included in Opinion 81 : Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 ; (it) Names included in Opinion 104: Anthocoris Fallén, 1814; Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] ; Reduvius Fabricius, 1775; Ectobius Stephens, 1835 ; Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758; Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Phthirus Leach, 1815 ; Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 ; (i11) Names included in Opinion 106 : Gasterophilus Leach, 1817; Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 ; Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 ; (b) Class Diplopoda (one name) (Opinion 104) : Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] ; ATT 717 1056 142 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS: (c) Class Crustacea (4 names) (Opinion 104) : Diaptomus Westwood, 1836; Oniscus Lin- naeus, 17535" Porcelio“Latrcile., qie03— 1804] : Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 ; (d) Class Merostomata (one name) (Opinion 104) : Limulus Miiller (O.F.), 1785 ; | (e) Class Arachnida (16 names) : (1) Names included in Opinion 73 : Argas Latreille, 1795 ; Dermacentor Koch, 1844 ; Ixodes Latreille, 1795; Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 ; Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 ; (ii) Names included in Opinion 104 . Dendryphantes Koch, 1837; Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 ; Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 ; Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 ; Chorioptes Ger- vais & van Beneden, 1859 ; Demodex Owen, 1843 ; Dermanyssus Dugeés, 1834; Glycy- phagus Hering, 1838; Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 ; Rhizoglyphus Claparéede, [1869] ; (ii1) Name included in Opinion 113: Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803]. (2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera in the Phylum Arthropoda which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, 1s hereby determined as the feminine gender :— (a) Class Insecta (9 names) : (i) Name included in Opinion 82 : Musca Linnaeus, 1758 ; DIRECTION 40 143 (11) Names included in Opinion 104 : Podura Linnaeus, 1758 ; Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 ; Triatoma Laporte, [1832]; Forficula Linnaeus, 1758; Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 ; Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 ; (iii) Name included in Opinion 106: Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 ; (iv) Name included in Opinion 128 : Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 ; (b) Class Crustacea (one name) (Opinion 77) : Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 ; (c) Class Arachnida (5 names) : (1) Name included in Opinion 73 : Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 ; (11) Names included in Opinion 104: Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 ; Dysdera Latreille, [1804]; Segestria Latreille, [1804] ; (iii) Name included in Opinion 128: Spinturnix Heyden, 1826. (3) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera in the Phylum Artropoda which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below, is hereby determined as the neuter gender :— (a) Class Insecta (one name) (Opinion 106) : Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 ; (b) Class Crustacea (one name) (Opinion 104) : Armadillidium Brandt & Ratzeburg, [1831] ; 144 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) Class Trilobita (one name) (Opinion 88) : Otarion Zenker, 1833 ; (d) Class Arachnida (3 names) : (1) Names included in Opinion 73: Amblyomma Koch, 1844; Hyalomma Koch, 1844 ; (11) Name included in Opinion 104 : Trombidium Fabricius, 1775. Il. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “DIRECTION The present Direction contains the fifth instalment of deter- minations of the gender attributable to the names of genera placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The following is the paper which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in the present case, which was submitted to the Commission on 29th September 1955 :— Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936: Fifth Instalment (names of genera of Arthropods, excluding Decapod Crustacea) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains the fifth instalment of proposals for the determination of the gender to be attributed to generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the period up to the end of 1936 ; it is concerned with the names of genera of the Phylum Arthropoda other than those of Decapod Crustacea, which were dealt with in Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)6!. * The decision taken by the International Commission by its vote on the above Voting Paper has since been embodied in Direction 11 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(e) : 15—34). DIRECTION 40 145 2. The pre-Lisbon Opinions contain Rulings placing the names of fifty-six genera of the above group of Arthropods on the Official List. The distribution of names by Opinions is as follows :—Opinion 73 : 8 names ; Opinions 77, 81, 82, 88 and 113 : one name each ; Opinion 104: 36 names; Opinion 106: 5 names; Opinion 128: 2 names. 3. As in the case of the previous instalments of proposals relating to genders, the present recommendations are based upon the Report furnished by Mr. F. J. Lelievre (at that time of the Classical Languages Department of Bedford College, London University), on the gender to be assigned to each name placed on the Official List in the period prior to the Paris (1948) Congress. Also, current checklists, catalogues and monographs have been consulted to ascertain whether the genders now proposed to be assigned to the names in question are those currently used by specialists in the various groups. Finally, drafts of the relevant portions of the list forming Annexe 2 to this paper were sent to various specialists for comment. The Commission is much indebted to the following specialists for their co-operation in this matter :— Insecta : Dr. Theresa Clay, Mr. H. Oldroyd, and Dr. W. E. China (British Museum (Natural History), London). Crustacea : Dr. J. P. Harding (British Museum (Natural History), London). Prof. A. Vandel (Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France). Myriapoda & Dr. G. O. Evans and Dr. A. C. Townsend (British Arachnida : Museum (Natural History), London). Trilobita : Dr. C. J. Stubblefield (Geological Survey and Museum, e*“POndon). In only three cases were comments made by specialists on the genders proposed in the list submitted by Mr. Lelievre. These cases are discussed in the immediately following paragraphs. 4. Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758: This is a Greek neuter word, but it was treated as feminine by the original author and, Miss Clay informs me, has been consistently used as such ever since. One species (L. saccharina) is widely used in the non-specialist literature and the change to the correct gender would inevitably lead to confusion. A separate application (File Z.N.(S.) 988) is therefore being made for the use of the Plenary Powers to vary the gender correctly attributable to this name?. * For the separate application subsequently submitted in regard to the gender to be attributed to the generic name Lepisma Linnacus see Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 299—300. 146 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 : Mr. Lelievre reports that this word is “common, on the analogy of Trojugena ”’, and should therefore be treated as masculine. This view is in agreement with the Rules adopted by the Copenhagen Congress (1953, Copenhagen Decisions Zool. Nomencl., Decision 84(4)). Mr. Oldroyd informs me that it is a relatively obscure genus with a single known species (O. tarandi, the Warble Fly of Reindeer) and therefore une attribution of the correct gender will cause no difficulty. 6. Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803]: Mr. Lelievre reports that this name is feminine. Dr. China, in a letter dated 6th January, 1955, reproduced in Annexe 1 to this paper, states that it has always been treated by hemipterists as masculine. Lewis & Short give a feminine usage of the word “nabis”’, meaning a cameleopard, and as a masculine word it was the name of a king of Sparta. Since it is un- certain which meaning was intended for the generic name Nabis by the author, Latreille, it ts proposed, on the basis of Dr. China’s letter, to treat it as masculine. 7. No difficulties have been found as regards the remaining fifty- three names ; in each case there appears to be no doubt as to the gender correctly attributable, and this is also the gender commonly used. 8. The genders attributable to the fifty-five names dealt with in this paper are given in Annexe 2, and for the reasons set out above, I recommend that the International Commission should render a Direction that the gender specified in that Annexe for each of the names concerned be now entered against that name in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. ANNEXE oi Gender proposed to be assigned to the generic name ‘‘ Nabis ”’ Latreille Extract from a letter, dated 6th January, 1955, from Dr. W. E. China Secs Museum (Natural History), London) Nabis Latreille, 1802, which you list as feminine, is always regarded by Hemipterists as masculine. Amyot, 1848, Rhynchotes, Méthode Mononymique (a work which is invalid) gives the meaning of Nabis as “‘ Brebis sauvage’’, a wild DIRECTION 40 147 ewe, presumably with the-idea that the predatory Nabis is ‘“‘a wolf in sheep’s clothing’. If Nabis really was a classical word meaning ewe, it would, of course, be feminine, but I can trace no Latin or Greek word Nabis meaning a female sheep. Nabis was a King of Sparta about 200 B.c. which would make the genus masculine. Nabis is also an African word for Giraffe. BONN BOE: 2 Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in respect of the names of genera of Arthropoda other than those of Decapod Crustacea, placed on that ‘‘ List ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Gender ** Opinion” in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. | to name speci- was placed on Generic Name fredin Cols“ Official List” (1) (2) (3) Class Insecta Podura Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 104 Musca Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 82 Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 Feminine 106 Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 Masculine “ Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 Neuter i Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 Masculine ie Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine - Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 Feminine 128 Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 81 Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 Masculine 104 Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] Masculine “5 Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine ey Reduvius Fabricius, 1775 Masculine o Triatoma Laporte, [1832] Feminine ‘ Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine _ Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine s: Ectobius Stephens, 1835 Masculine a Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine £ Periplaneta Burmeister, 1838 Feminine re Pediculus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ‘- Phthirus Leach, 1815 Masculine e Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine Ly 148 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Gender ** Opinion’? in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. | to name speci- was placed on Generic Name fied in Col. 1 “* Official List ”’ (1) (2) (3) Class Diplopoda Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] Masculine 104 Class Crustacea Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 Masculine 104 Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine vi Armadillidium Brandt & Neuter 104 Ratzeburg, [1831] Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine - Porcellio Latreille, [1803—1804] Masculine * Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 Masculine Class Merostomata Limulus Miiller (O.F.), 1785 Masculine 104 Class Trilobita Otarion Zenker, 1833 Neuter 88 Class Arachnida Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 Feminine 104 Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 ~ Masculine a Dysdera Latreille, [1804] Feminine " Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 Masculine 2 Segestria Latreille, [1804] Feminine Ms Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine es Amblyomma Koch, 1844 Neuter 73 Argas Latreille, 1795 Masculine Es Dermacentor Koch, 1844 Masculine ¥ Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 Feminine DIRECTION 40 Gender proposed 149 ** Opinion’ in which name to be assigned specified in Col. 1 to name speci- Generic Name (1) Hyalomma Koch, 1844 Ixodes Latreille, 1795 Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 Chorioptes Gervais & van Beneden, 1859 Demodex Owen, 1843 Dermanyssus Dugés, 1834 Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 Rhizoglyphus Claparéde, [1869] Trombidium Fabrictus,® 1775 Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] Spinturnix Heyden, 1826 (2) Neuter Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Masculine Neuter Masculine Feminine was placed on jean: Cole +* Official List” (3) as 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned to the names of genera of the Phylum Arthropoda dealt with therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 989. II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29 : On 29th September 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)29) was issued in which 150 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “ that, in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the fifty-five generic names in the Phylum Arthropoda specified in Column (2) of Annexe 2 to the paper by the Secretary bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 989, submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the corresponding column in the Annexe numbered as above attached to the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be entered in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in respect of the names enumer- ated in the first column of the said Annexe ”’, and (2), if he did not agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 29th October 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Boschma ; Holthuis; Vokes; Hering; Stoll ; Prantl; Lemche; Mayr; Key; do Amaral; Esaki ; Mertens ; Miller ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Dymond ; Jaczewski; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ; Bonnet ; Cabrera ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes: None ; DIRECTION 40 151 (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bodenheimer ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 29th October 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)29, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 22nd February 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)29. 8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. £52 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty (40) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-second day of February, Nine- teen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING ee Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.6. Pp. 153—170 DIRECTION 42 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the names of seventy-eight genera of various Classes of Invertebrates and of six genera of the Class Urochorda placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Twelve Shillings (All rights reserved) _—— oe oe eS AJ OCT 16 1955 Nii. \ 4 1 1 1 , ) | S Issued 17th September, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 42 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr; Ty ee (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 194 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (MezGgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Seen S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) le ee SS ee ee EE ——_— ee DIRECTION 42 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE NAMES OF SEVENTY-EIGHT GENERA OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF INVERTEBRATES AND OF SIX GENERA OF THE CLASS UROCHORDA PLACED ON THE ‘** OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to each of the under-mentioned names of genera of the Classes of Invertebrates severally specified below and of the Class Urochorda which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions specified in each case against the generic name concerned is hereby determined as being the masculine gender :— (a) Class Trematoda (3 names) : (i) Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 (Opinion 77) ; (11) Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 ; Heterophyes Cob- bold, 1866 (both in Opinion 84) ; (b) Class Cestoda (1 name) : Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 (Opinion 84) ; (c) Class Nematoda (5 names) : (i) Dracunculus Reichard, 1759; Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 ; Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 (all in Opinion 66) ; (ii) Strongylus Miiller, 1780; Syngamus Siebold, 1836 (both in Opinion 104) ; (d) Class Nematomorpha (2 names) : Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 ; Paragordius Camerano, 1897 (both in Opinion 66) ; (e) Class Chaetopoda (2 names) : (i) Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) ; (ii) Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 (Opinion 104) ; 156 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (f) Class Gastropoda (1 name) : Limax Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ; (g) Class Pelecypoda (1 name) : Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ; (h) Class Cephalopoda (1 name) : Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ; (1) Class Brachiopoda (1 name) : Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 (Opinion 100) ; (j) Class Crinoidea (4 names) : Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 ; Holopus d’Orbigny, 1837 3 Metacrinus Carpenter, (1 secu Rhizocrinus Sars, [1865] (all in Opinion 73) ; (k) Class Urochorda (1 name): Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 (Opinion 94). (2) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera of the Classes of Invertebrates severally specified below and of the Class Urochorda which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions specified in each case against the generic name concerned is hereby determined as being the feminine gender :— (a) Class Rhizopoda (2 names) : (i) Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] (Opinion 77) ; (11) Lepidocyclina Giimbel, [1870] (Opinion 127) ; (b) Class Mastigophora (1 name) : Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) ; (c) Class Ciliata (1 name): Bursaria Miller, 1773 (Opinion 104) ; (d) Class Sporozoa (1 name) : Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Opinion 104) ; DIRECTION 42 LS7 (e) Class Neosporidia (1 name) : Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 (Opinion 104) ; (f) Class Hydrozoa (2 names) : (i) Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 77) ; (ii) Physalia Lamarck, 1801 (Opinion 80) : (g) Class Trematoda (1 name) : Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 84) ; (h) Class Cestoda (7 names) : (i) Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 ; Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 ; Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 ; Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 (all in Opinion Woe (11) Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 ; Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 (both in Opinion 84) ; (ii) Ligula Bloch, 1782 (Opinion 104) ; (i) Class Nematoda (4 names) : (i) Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 66) ; (ii) Filaria Miller, 1787; Heterodera Schmidt, 1871; Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845 (all in Opinion 104) ; (j) Class Hirudinea (3 names) : (i) Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 75) ; (11) Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 ; Limnatis Moquin- Tandon, 1827 (both in Opinion 104) ; (k) Class Gastropoda (11 names) : (i) Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 ; Columbella Lamarck, 1799; MHelix Linnaeus, 1758 ; Physa Draparnaud, [1801]; Succinea Drapar- naud, [1801] (all in Opinion 94) ; (ui) Leucochila von Martens, 1860 (Opinion 115) ; ArT 111956 158 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (iii) Oleacina Réding, 1798; Neritina Lamarck, 1816 ; Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805] ; Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801]; Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 (all in Opinion 119) ; (1) Class Pelecypoda (4 names) : Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 ; Mya Linnaeus, 1758, Teredo Linnaeus, 1758; Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 (all in Opinion 94) ; (m) Class Cephalopoda (1 name) : Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ; (n) Class Brachiopoda (1 name) : Syringothyris Winchell, 1863 (Opinion 100) ; (o) Class Asteroidea (1 name) : Luidia Forbes, 1839 (Opinion 129) ; (p) Class Holothuroidea (1 name) : Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 (Opinion 80) ; (q) Class Crinoidea (1 name) : Antedon Fréminville, 1811 (Opinion 73) ; (r) Class Urochorda (4 names) : Clavelina Savigny, 1816 ; Diazona Savigny, 1816 ; Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 ; Molgula Forbes, 1848 (all in Opinion 94). (3) The gender to be attributed to each of the under- mentioned names of genera of the Classes of Inverte- brates severally specified below and of the Class Uro- chorda which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions specified in each case against the generic name concerned is hereby determined as being the neuter gender :— (a) Class Mastigophora (1 name) : Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 (Opinion 95) ; DIRECTION 42 159 (b) Class Anthozoa (1 name) : Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 (Opinion 117) ; (c) Class Trematoda (2 names) : (1) Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 (Opinion 77) ; (11) Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] (Opinion 84) ; (d) Class Cestoda (2 names) : (i) Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 (Opinion 77) ; (11) Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 (Opinion 84) ; (e) Class Nematoda (2 names) : Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 ; Gnathostoma Owen, 1837 (both in Opinion 66) ; (f) Class Gastropoda (3 names) : (1) Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ; (11) Cerion Réding, 1798 (Opinion 119) ; (i1) Agasoma Gabb, [1869] (Opinion 12) ; (g) Class Scaphopoda (1 name) : Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 94) ; (h) Class Pelecypoda (1 name) : Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 (Opinion 94) ; (i) Class Cephalopoda (1 name) : | Lytoceras Suess, 1865 (Opinion 130) ; (j) Class Urochorda (1 name) : Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 (Opinion 77). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT DIRECTION? The present Direction contains the sixth instalment of deter- minations of the gender attributable to the names of genera placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. In all, eighty-four generic names are dealt with in the present Direction; of these, seventy-eight are the names of genera of Classes of invertebrates belonging to 160 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS various Phyla, other than the Phylum Arthropoda, and six are the names of genera belonging to the Class Urochorda. The adoption of the present Direction marks the close of the survey of the gender to be attributed to each of the five hundred and sixty-three names placed on the Official List up to the end of 1936 undertaken by the International Commission in compliance with a Directive issued to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948. Of the total number of names involved the gender attributable to five hundred and forty-six names has now been determined by the Commission, and proposals are now before it in the case of the remaining seventeen names. The paper on which the present Direction is based was submitted by the Secretary on 29th September 1955 and was as follows :— Determination of the gender of names placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 : Sixth Instalment (names of genera of Invertebrates, other than Arthropods, and of genera of the Class Urochorda) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretaty to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) This paper contains the sixth and last instalment of proposals for the determination of the gender to be attributed to names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the period up to the end of 1936; it is concerned with genera belonging (a) to various Invertebrate Phyla, excluding the Arthropods (which have been dealt with in two previous Voting Papers, namely V.P.(O.M.)(55)6 and V.P.(O.M.)(55)29! and (b) to the Class Urochorda. 2. The pre-Lisbon Opinions contain Rulings placing the names of ninety genera of the foregoing groups on the Official List. The distribution of names by Opinions is as follows: Opinion 66: 9 names ; Opinions 73: 5 names; Opinion 75: 3 names ; Opinion 77: 10 names ; Opinion 84: 9 names ; Opinion 94: 22 names ; Opinion 104: 14 names; Opinion 119: 7 names; Opinions 80, 95 and 100: 2 names each ; Opinions 115, 117, 127, 129 and 130: one name each. 3. As in the case of the previous instalments of proposals relating to the gender to be attributed to generic names on the Official List, 1 The decisions taken by the International Commission by its votes on the fore- going Voting Papers have since been embodied in Direction 11 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 15—-34) and Direction 40 (pp. 139—152 of the present Section (Section D) of Volume 1 of the present Series) respectively. DIRECTION 42 161 the present recommendations are based upon the Report furnished by Mr. F. J. Lelievre (at that time of the Classical Language Department of Bedford College, London University). Also, current checklists, catalogues and monographs have been consulted to ascertain whether the genders now proposed to be assigned to the names in question are those currently used by specialists in the various groups. Finally, drafts of the relevant portions of the list now submitted as Annexe 2 to this paper were sent to various specialists for comment. The Commission is much indebted to the following specialists for their co-operation in this matter :— Dr. Ellsworth C. Dougherty (University of California) (Protozoa, Trematoda, Cestoda and Nematoda) Dr. W. J. Rees, D.Sc. (British Museum (Natural History)) (Coelenterata) Mr. N. Tebble, B.Sc. (British Museum (Natural History)) (Hirudinea) Mr. R. V. Melville, M.Sc. (Geological Survey & Museum, London) (Cephalopoda) Dr. L. Bairstow, M.A., Ph.D. (British Museum (Natural History)) (Cephalopoda) 4. Of the ninety names concerned, the gender attributable to five has already been dealt with. These are Necator Stiles, 1903 (Opinion 201) ; Endamoeba Leidy, 1879 (Opinion 312); Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 and Laverania Feletti & Grassi, 1889 (Opinion 283) ; Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 (Opinion 356). 5. In the case of one further name, Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892, an application has been submitted for the use of the Plenary Powers to vary the gender correctly attributable to it. (File Z.N.(S.) 942 ; see Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 11 : 260—262.) 6. Proposals regarding the remaining 84 names are now placed before the Commission. Only two of them call for special comment, namely Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758, and Antedon Fréminville, 1811. These are discussed in the immediately following paragraphs. 7. Argonauta: This, according to the Latin dictionaries, is a masculine word, although it has an apparently feminine termination. Both Mr. Melville and Dr. Bairstow have been consulted in this case and it seems that, in spite of the fact that many authors have treated this name as being feminine, no serious inconvenience would result from attributing to it the correct (masculine) gender. The letters from these specialists are reproduced in Annexe 1. 8. Antedon: This name is commonly treated as being of the feminine gender, but doubts have been expressed as to whether this is correct. Dr. L. W. Grensted, the Commission’s Consulting Classical 162 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Adviser, has reported (Annexe 2) that Antedon is probably an error for Anthedon, which is a feminine word. The likelihood that this is the correct explanation is strengthened by the fact that Agassiz (1846, Nomencl. Zool. Index Uniy. : 25) emended it to Anthedon. Fréminville himself did not give any information regarding the derivation of his new generic name, and the name of the single originally included species (gorgonia) is a feminine noun in apposition. In these circum- stances, and having regard to Dr. Grensted’s Report, I recommend that the Commission should assign the feminine gender to this name. 9. As regards the remaining 82 names, in each case there appears to be no doubt as to the gender correctly attributable, and that gender is also the one commonly used. 10. I accordingly recommend that, in compliance with the General Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the Commission should now render a Direction that in respect of the seventy-eight generic names of Invertebrates and six generic names of Urochordates specified in Annexe 3 of the present paper, the gender to be inserted in the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology be that shown against each name in column (2) of the said Annexe. 11. It will, I am confident, be a source of satisfaction to the Commission—as it is to myself as Secretary—that when it has taken decisions on the proposals now submitted, it will have completed the determination of the gender to be attributed to all the generic names placed on the Official List prior to the Paris Congress of 1948, with the exception of a small group of names as regards which special problems arise and on which separate proposals have been, or shortly will be, submitted for decision. The taking of these decisions marks an important stage in the preparations needed before the urgently awaited volume containing particulars of all names so far placed on the Official Lists and Official Indexes can be sent to the printer for publication. ANNEXE 1 The gender attributable to the generic name ‘‘ Argonauta ’’ Linnaeus, (a) Extract from a letter from R. V. Melville, M.Sc. (Geological Survey and Museum, London), dated 10th January 1955 Argonauta is obviously more difficult, since it is a masculine noun with an apparently feminine ending. I have looked it up in Sherborn’s Index Animalium and find (apart from nouns in apposition, e.g. argo, patronymics in the genitive, e.g. sismondai, and adjectives with indifferent endings, e.g. hians) five feminine and one masculine specific names in the 1758—1800 section, where ten names are listed ; and in the DIRECTION 42 163 1801—1850 section, eleven feminine and five masculine out of 26 specific names. On this basis usage is clearly in favour of a feminine gender. On balance, I consider that the correct (masculine) gender should be accepted for the name Argonauta. (b) Letter from L. Bairstow, M.A., Ph.D. (British Museum (Natural History), London), dated 14th January 1955 I see from a Latin dictionary that nauta -ae and Argonautae -arum are masculine ; thus these entries confirm the claim that the correct gender of Argonauta is indeed masculine. Nevertheless, Argonauta has customarily been treated as feminine. Of specific names that have been used in combination with Argonauta, those that are adjectives have been employed with feminine terminations in the great majority of instances. Most of the comparatively few instances of their employment with masculine terminations occurred between the years 1790 and 1830. However, though the species of Argonauta have been known by many different names, the number of well-established species at present recognised is not great—perhaps half a dozen Recent species and a few fossil ones. Moreover, of the currently accepted names for these species, most would not be affected by correction of the gender of Argonauta : argo is a noun in apposition ; béttgeri, nowryi, sismondae and yoshiwarae are nouns in the genitive; johanneus is already masculine in termination; and hians would presumably remain unchanged. The only currently important names needing change of termination would be cornuta and nodosa, though certain other names might need alteration if certain species of uncertain status, or that are now considered synonyms, were valued more highly by some future reviser. I do not see that it need cause much confusion or inconvenience if the correct (masculine) gender were to be attributed to Argonauta on the Official List. My own view is that the correction should receive official endorsement. ANNEXE 2 The gender attributable to the generic name ‘‘ Antedon ’’ Fréminville, 1811 Extract from a letter from L. W. Grensted dated 12th July 1955 Antedon : As this name stands, in Latin, the gender is quite obscure. The word as it stands has no direct derivation, but being a name, with a Greek look about it, would probably be masculine and might be 164 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS feminine. But I suspect that Fréminville wrote Antedon for Anthedon, which is found both in Greek and Latin in two meanings, as the name of a plant and as a town in Boeotia with mythological associations. In both senses Anthedon is feminine, and I suspect that this is the reason why Antedon has normally been regarded as feminine. I think this usage might stand, in view of this probable derivation—but probably it should be confirmed, and the reason given. I do not know whether Fréminville did anything to determine either the gender or the derivation. ANNEXE 3 Gender proposed to be inscribed in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in respect of the names of seventy-seven genera belonging to various Invertebrate Phyla and of the names of six genera belonging to the Class Urochorda Gender ** Opinion”? in - proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. | to name speci- was placed on Generic Name fied in Col. 1 * Official List (1) (2) (3) Class Rhizopoda Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] Feminine ae Lepidocyclina Giimbel, [1870] Feminine 127 Class Mastigophora Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 75 Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 Neuter 95 Class Ciliata Bursaria Miller, 1773 Feminine 104 Class Sporozoa Eimeria Schneider, 1875 Feminine 104 Class Neosporidia Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 Feminine 104 Class Anthozoa Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 Neuter Ly Class Hydrozoa Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine yh Phyvsalia Lamarck, 1801 Feminine 80 DIRECTION 42 165 Gender proposed to be assigned to name speci- ** Opinion” in which name specified in Col. 1 was placed on Generic Name fied in Col. 1 - Ofrcial. List: (2) (3) Class Trematoda Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 Masculine eh Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 Neuter » Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] Neuter 84 Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine fs Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 Masculine i. Hezterophyes Cobbold, 1866 Masculine 35 Class Cestoda Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 Feminine TY Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 Feminine hs Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 Feminine 5 Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 Feminine ¥ Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 Neuter a Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 Feminine 84 Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 Neuter f Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 Masculine *. Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine at Ligula Bloch, 1782 Feminine 104 Class Nematoda Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 Neuter 66 Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine os Dracunculus Reichard, 1759 Masculine - Gnathostoma Owen, 1837 Neuter of Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 Masculine ef Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 Masculine , Filaria Miller, 1787 Feminine 104 Heterodera Schmidt, 1871 Feminine be Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845 Feminine e Strongylus Miiller, 1780 Masculine A Syngamus Siebold, 1836 Masculine , Class Hirudinea Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine 75 Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 Feminine 104 Limnatis Moquin-Tandon, 1827 Feminine “a Class Nematomorpha Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 66 Paragordius Camerano, 1897 Masculine he 166 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Gender proposed to be assigned to name speci- ** Opinion” in which name specified in Col. 1 was placed on Generic Name fied in Col. 1 ** Official List” (1) (2) (3) Class Chaetopoda Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 2D Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 Masculine 104 Class Gastropoda Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 Neuter 94 Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 Feminine 2 Columbella Lamarck, 1799 Feminine x Helix Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine Limax Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine oe Physa Draparnaud, [1801] Feminine ts Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] Feminine ms Leucochila von Martens, 1860 Feminine tr Cerion Réding, 1798 Neuter 119 Oleacina Réding, 1798 Feminine pa Neritina Lamarck, 1816 Feminine + Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805] Feminine xs Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] Feminine % Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 Feminine Fs Agasoma Gabb, [1869] Neuter 121 Class Scaphopoda Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 Neuter 94 Class Pelecypoda Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 Feminine 94 Mya Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine Ne Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine ms Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 Neuter " Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine M: Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 Feminine * Class Cephalopoda Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 Masculine 94 Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 Feminine Hs Lytoceras Suess, 1865 Neuter 130 Class Brachiopoda Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 Masculine 100 Syringothyris Winchell, 1863 Feminine oz DIRECTION 42 167 Gender ** Opinion ”’ in proposed which name to be assigned specified in Col. 1 to name speci- was placed on Generic Name fied in Col.1 “ Official List ”’ I (2) (3) Class Asteroidea Luidia Forbes, 1839 Feminine 129 Class Holothuroidea Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 Feminine 80 Class Crinoidea Antedon Fréminville, 1811 Feminine 73 Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 Masculine e Holopus d@’Orbigny, 1837 Masculine a Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882 Masculine ~ Rhizocrinus Sars, [1865] Masculine ¥: Class Urochorda Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 Neuter vt Botryllus Gaertner, 1774 Masculine 94 Clavelina Savigny, 1816 Feminine es Diazona Savigny, 1816 Feminine ef Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 Feminine i Molgula Forbes, 1848 Feminine es 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the gender to be assigned to the names of genera of invertebrates and Urochorda previously placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 991. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30 : On 29th September 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)30) was issued in which 168 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that, “‘in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the gender of the seventy-eight generic names of invertebrates and of the six generic names in the Class Urochorda specified in Column (2) of Annexe 3 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 991 by the Secretary submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in column (2) of Annexe 3 of the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be entered in the foregoing Official List in respect of the names enumerated in the first column of the said Annexe ”’ and, if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 29th October 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Boschma; Holthuis; Vokes; Hering; Stoll ; Prantl; Lemche; Mayr; Key; do Amaral; Esaki ; Mertens ; Miller ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Kiihnelt ; Dymond ; Jaczewski ; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ; Tortonese ; Bonnet ; Cabrera ; Hanko ; DIRECTION 42 169 (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bodenheimer ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 2lst November 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 24th February 1956 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)30. 8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 170 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 9. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty-Two (42) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Fourth day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMM ING Note to Subscribers The reason why the present Part, containing Direction 42, follows immediately after a Part containing Direction 40, is that the inter- vening Direction (Direction 41) is concerned with the addition to the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology of names of that category based upon generic names dealt with in Opinions comprised in Volume 11 of the present Series. Direction 41 was published in the above volume on 17th May 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 11 : 431—452). Printed in England by MrercaLFe & CooprEer LimiTeED. 10-24 Scrutton St.. London E C 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.7. Pp. 171—210 DIRECTION 43 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of the type species of seventy- three genera in the Class Aves, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of twelve specific names which are currently regarded as senior subjective synonyms of such names LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Twenty-Six Shillings (All rights reserved) Issued 19th October, 1956 f INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 43 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) ; Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr Sar pe waa (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 194 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RuiLey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMonD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. VoKEs (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANK6 (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. SToL. (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) a Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoxttHuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferninand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. §. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 4 ) Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 43 ADDITION TO THE ‘* OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF SEVENTY-THREE GENERA IN THE CLASS AVES, THE NAMES OF WHICH WERE PLACED ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 AND (b) OF TWELVE SPECIFIC NAMES WHICH ARE CURRENTLY REGARDED AS SENIOR SUBJECTIVE SYNONYMS OF SUCH NAMES RULING:—(1) The under-mentioned specific names of species in the Class Aves, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified against the names in question:— 7) vulturina Hardwicke, 1834, as published in the com- bination Numida vulturina (specific name of type species of Acryllium Gray (G.R.), 1840) (Name No. 950); (2) occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, as published in the combination Podiceps occidentalis (specific name of type species of Aechmophorus Coues, 1862) (Name No. 951); (3) maximus Geoffroy, 1850, as published in the com- bination Aepyornis maximus (specific name of type species of Aepyornis Geoffroy, 1850) (Name No. 952); WNY | A iQtes& 174 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) sponsa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Anas sponsa (specific name of type species of Aix Boie, 1828) (Name No. 953); (5) arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Alauda arvensis (specific name of type species of Alauda Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 954); (6) narina Stephens, 1815, as published in the com- bination Trogon narina (specific name of type species of Apaloderma Swainson, 1833) (Name No, 955); (7) patagonica Miller, 1778, as published in the com- bination Aptenodytes patagonica (specific name of type species of Aptenodytes Miller, 1778) (Name No. 956); (8) australis Shaw, 1813, as published in the com- bination Apteryx australis (specific name of type species of Apteryx Shaw, 1813) (Name No. 957); (9) scolopacea Gmelin, 1788, as published in the com- bination Ardea scolopacea (specific name of type species of Aramus Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 958); (10) cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Ardea cinerea (specific name of type species of Ardea Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 959); (11) nigra Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combina- tion Paradisea [sic] nigra (specific name of type species of Astrapia Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 960); (12) sulcatus Swainson, 1820, as published in the com- bination Pteroglossus sulcatus (specific name of type species of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834) (Name No. 961); DIRECTION 43 175 (13) auritus Gray (J.E.), 1829, as published in the com- bination Podargus auritus (specific name of type species of Batrachostomus Gould, 1838) (Name No. 962); (14) pyrrhopterus Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Psittacus pyrrhopterus (specific name of type species of Brotogeris Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 963); (15) moschata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas moschata (specific name of type species of Cairina Fleming, 1822) (Name No. 964); (16) niger Miller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the combination Bucco niger (specific name of type species of Capito Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 965); (17) aura Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Vultur aura (specific name of type species of Cathartes Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 966); (18) urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827, as published in the combination Tetrao urophasianus (specific name of type species of Centrocercus Swainson, 1832) (Name No. 967); (19) ornatus Geoffroy, 1809, as published in the com- bination Cephalopterus ornatus (specific name of type species of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809) (Name No. 968); (20) novae-hollandiae Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Cereopsis novae-hollandiae (specific name of type species of Cereopsis Latham, 1801) (Name No. 969); (21) chavaria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Parra chavaria (specific name of type species of Chauna Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 970); 176 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (22) pictus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Phasianus pictus (specific name of type species of Chrysolophus Gray (J.E.), [1833—34]) (Name No. 971); (23) regia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Paradisaea regia (specific name of type species of Cicinnurus Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 972); (24) glandarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cuculus glandarius (specific name of type species of Clamator Kaup, 1829) (Name No. 973); b) (25) americanus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus americanus (specific name of type species of Coccyzus Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 974); (26) flaveola Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Certhia flaveola (specific name of type species of Coereba Vieillot, 1807) (Name No. OID); (27) auratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Cuculus auratus (specific name of type species of Colaptes Swainson, 1825 (Name No. 976); (28) ani Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Crotophaga ani (specific name of type species’ of Crotophaga Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 977); (29) exulans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Diomedea exulans (specific name of type species of Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 978); (30) ardeola Paykull, 1805, as published in the combina- tion Dromas ardeola (specific name of type species of Dromas Paykull, 1805) (Name No. 979); DIRECTION 43 Pay (31) garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Ardea garzetta (specific name of type species of Egretta Forster, 1817) (Name No. 980); (32) javanicus Horsfield, 1821, as published in the com- bination Eurylaimus javanicus (specific name of type species of Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821) (Name No. 981); (33) helias Pallas, 1781, as published in the combina- tion Ardea helias (specific name of type species of Eurypyga Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 982); (34) glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the com- bination Procellaria glacialis (specific name of type species of Fulmarus Stephens, 1826) (Name No. 983); (35) swainsonii Vigors, 1825, as published in the com- bination Gampsonyx swainsonii (specific name of type species of Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 984); (36) ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Haematopus ostralegus (specific name of type species of Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 985); (37) struthersii Vigors, [1832], as published in the com- bination /bidorhyncha struthersii (specific name of type species of Ibidorhyncha Vigors, [1832]) (Name No. 986); (38) torquilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Jynx torquilla (specific name of type species of Jynx Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 987); (39) excubitor Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Lanius excubitor (specific name of type Be). of Lanius Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 178 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (40) violacea Isert, 1789, as published in the combination Musophaga violacea (specific name of type species of Musophaga Isert, 1789) (Name No. 989); (41) mantellii Owen, 1848, as published in the combina- tion Notornis mantellii (specific name of type species of Notornis Owen, 1848) (Name No. 990); (42) meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Phasianus meleagris (specific name of type species of Numida Linnaeus, 1764) (Name No. 991); (43) pectoralis Latham, 1801, as published in the com- bination Muscicapa pectoralis (specific name of type species of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 992); (44) sefilata Forster, 1781, as published in the com- bination Paradisea [sic] sefilata (specific name of type species of Parotia Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 093); ? (45) major Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Parus major (specific name of type species of Parus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 994); (46) aethereus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Phaethon aethereus (specific name of type species of Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. Doak (47) mocinno de la Llave, 1832, as published in the com- bination Pharomachrus mocinno (specific name of type species of Pharomachrus de la Llave, 1832) (Name No. 996); (48) ruber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Phoenicopterus ruber (specific name of type species of Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 997); DIRECTION 43 179 (49) leucorodia Linnaéus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Platalea leucorodia (specific name of type species of Platalea Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 998); (50) porzana Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Rallus porzana (specific name of type species of Porzana Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 999); (51) erithacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Psittacus erithacus (specific name of type species of Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1000); (52) crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Psophia crepitans (specific name of type species of Psophia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1001); (53) aracari Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Ramphastos aracari (specific name of type species of Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 1002); (54) paradiseus Swainson, 1825, as published in the combination Ptiloris paradiseus (specific name of type species of Ptiloris Swainson, 1825) (Name No. 1003); (55) aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Rallus aquaticus (specific name of type species of Rallus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1004); (56) avosetta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Recurvirostra avosetta (specific name of type species of Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1005); 180 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (57) chrysocephala Lewin, 1808, as published in the combination Meliphaga chrysocephala (specific name of type species of Sericulus Swainson, 1825) (Name No. 1006); (58) europaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Sitta europeaea (specific name of type species of Sitta Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1007); (59) abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823, as published in the combination Ciconia abdimii (specific name of type species of Sphenorynchus Lichtenstein, 1823) (Name No. 1008); (60) habroptilus Gray (G.R.), 1845, as published in the combination Strigops habroptilus (specific name of type species of Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) (Name No. 1009); (61) magna Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Alauda magna (specific name of type species of Sturnella Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 1010); (62) vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Sturnus vulgaris (specific name of type species of Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1011); (63) paradoxa Pallas, 1773, as published in the com-. bination Tetrao paradoxa (specific name of type species of Syrrhaptes Uliger, 1811) (Name No. — 1012); | (64) rufa Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combina- tion Tanagra rufa (specific name of type species of Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 1013); (65) doliatus Linnaeus, 1764,.as published in the com- bination Lanius doliatus (specific name of type species of T; bai Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 1014); DIRECTION 43 181 (66) chimaera Rothschild, 1895, as published in the combination Uratelornis chimaera (specific name of type species of Uratelornis Rothschild, 1895) (Name No. 1015). (2) It is hereby ruled that under the provisions of Declaration 21 the type species of each of the under- mentioned nominal genera is the nominal species specified below, that nominal species being objectively identical with the later-established nominal species cited by the author of the generic name concerned :— (1) The type species of Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, is Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, and not the later-established nominal species Coturnix com- munis Bonnaterre, 1791. (2) The type of Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821, is Platalea pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, and not the later-established nominal species Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson, 1821. (3) The type species of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790, is Colymbus fulica Boddaert, 1783, and not the later-established nominal species Heliornis fuli- carius Bonnaterre, 1790. (4) The type species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783, is : Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781, and not the later-established nominal species Manucodia chalybea Boddert, 1783. (5) The type species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766, is Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, and not the later-established nominal species Oriolus galbula Linnaeus, 1766. (6) The type species of Pandion Savigny, 1809, is Falco haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, and not the later- established nominal species Pandion fluvialis Savigny, 1809. 182 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (7) The type species of Polyplectron Temminck, 1807, is Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, and not the later-established nominal species Polyplectron argus Temminck, 1807. (3) The under-mentioned specific names, each of which is the name of a nominal species which, as specified in (2) above, is, under Declaration 21, the type species of a genus in the Class Aves, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified against the names in question:— (1) coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Tetrao coturnix (specific name of type species of Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790) (Name No. 1016); (2) pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Platalea pygmaea (specific name of type species of Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821) (Name No. 1017); (3) fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com- bination Colymbus fulica (specific name of type species of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790) (Name No. 1018); (4) chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the com- bination Paradisea [sic] chalybata (specific name of type species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783) (Name No. 1019); (5) oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Coracias oriolus (specific name of type species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No. 1020); (6) haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Falco haliaetus (specific name of type species of Pandion Savigny, 1809) (Name No. 1021); DIRECTION 43 183 (7) bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pavo bicalcaratus (specific name of type species of Polyplectron Temminck, 1807) (Name No. 1022). (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below:— (1) tiphia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combina- tion Motacilla tiphia (Name No. 1023); (2) cristatus Shaw in White, [August] 1790, as published in the combination Caprimulgus cristatus (Name No. 1024); (3) nitidus Latham, 1790, as published in the combina- tion Falco nitidus (Name No. 1025); (4) caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], as published in the combination Falco caeruleus (Name No. 1026); (5) cristata Pallas, 1764, as published in the combina- tion Columba cristata (Name No. 1027); (6) albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Falco albicilla (Name No. 1028); (7) indus Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com- bination Falco indus (Name No. 1029); (8) militaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Emberiza militaris (Name No. 1030); (9) hoazin Miiller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the combination Phasianus hoazin (Name No. 1031); (10) wallicus Kerr, 1792, as published in the combina- tion Psittacus wallicus (Name No. 1032); 184 OPINIONS AND: DECLARATIONS (11) elegans Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus elegans (Name No. 1033); (12) nigricephala Jameson, 1835, as published in the com- bination Tanagra nigricephala (Name No. 1034). I THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT ‘DIRECTION ” The present Direction has been prepared under a General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific name of the type species of each genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936, be inscribed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology except where that name is not the oldest available name for the species concerned, in which case the oldest available name, whatever it may be, shall be so inscribed. The present Direction, which is the third dealing with this group of cases, is concerned with the specific names of the type genera of birds. The total number of such names placed on the Official List during the foregoing period amounted to one hundred and three. Of these the specific names of the type species of four genera (Campephaga ; Colluricincla ; Neophron; Struthio)' have been placed on the Official List in Opinions in which these names arose incidentally, the opportunity so presented being taken to comply with the General Directive referred to above. In five cases (Balaeniceps ; Burhinus ; Ectopistes ; Gallinago ; Oedicnemus)' it was found necessary to submit separate proposals to the Commission and in the Directions rendered by the Commission in these cases the specific names of the type species of the genera concerned were placed on the Official List. In addition there are cases pending regarding the following nine generic names placed on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936: Anas ; Bubo ; Circaetus ; Grus! ; Gypaetus ; Nyctea; Surnia ; Trichoglossus ; Vireo)’. In these cases also it has been considered that the question of the i | ee) ee ‘1 Particulars of the action already taken or now in hand in regard to these generic names are given in the Appendix attached to the present Direction. DIRECTION 43 185 action to be taken to comply with the General Directive here under discussion can most conveniently be deferred until decisions are taken by the Commission in regard to the other problems. arising in connection with these names. When account is taken of the foregoing exceptions there remain eighty-five names which require to be considered in connection with the General Directive issued by the Paris Congress. An examination of these cases shows that in sixty-six cases the name cited for the type species of the genus concerned by the original author of the generic name is the oldest available name for that species. In seven other cases the name cited by the author of the generic name is a junior objective synonym of another name and in these cases it is the senior objective synonym which under Declaration 21 becomes the name of the type species and the name which, as the oldest available name, requires to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. In the remaining twelve cases the specific name of the type species of the genus concerned is a junior subjective synonym of some older name. In these cases it is the specific name which is the senior subjective synonym and not the specific name of the type species itself which requires to be placed on the Official List. The decisions taken by the Commission in regard to each of the foregoing classes of case are dealt with in the present Direction. 2. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions embodied in the present Direction were submitted to the Commission by the pecretanys in | the folllowing paper on 12th October 1955 :— Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ’* of the specific names of the type species of seventy-five genera in the Class Aves, the names of which were placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and of twelve specific names of which are currently treated as senior subjective synonyms of the names of type species of such genera By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present paper is to lay recommendations before the International Commission to enable it to comply, so far as concerns names of species in the Class Aves, with the General Directive issued 186 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS to it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948. By this Directive the Commission is required to place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name of the type species of every genus, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, except where that name is not the oldest available name for the taxon concerned, in which case the oldest available name, whatever it may be, is to be placed on that Official List. The present is the third instalment of proposals submitted in compliance with the foregoing Directive, the previous instalments being concerned with the names of mammals and Decapod Crustacea respectively.? 2. In compiling the present proposals, I have, as on the previous occasions referred to above, consulted modern catalogues, checklists and monographs for the purpose of ascertaining the present practice of specialists in regard to the names which have now to be considered. Fortunately, this task was less difficult that in some of the other groups which it has been necessary to consider, for, owing to the popularity of ornithology, the number of modern and reliable works of the kind required is relatively large. The bulk of the work involved in the preparation of the proposals now submitted was carried out a number of years ago and | was fortunate in being able to draw for advice on the wide knowledge and sound judgement of my friend and colleague the late Dr. James L. Peters. In a number of cases which we had discussed together in this way I later received most valuable confirmatory advice from Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, at that time the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature established in 1950 by the International Congress of Ornithology. 3. The total number of names of genera of birds placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was one hundred and three. As regards five of these names it has been found necessary for one reason or another to seek further directions from the Commission, and in each case the opportunity was taken to place the name of the type species of the genus concerned on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The names were: (i) Ectopistes (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 80—84) ; (ii) Gallinago (Bull. — 9 : 93); (ii) Balaeniceps (Bull. 9 : 85—86) ; (iv) and (v) Oedicnemus and Burhinus (Bull. 9 : 86—88). In the case of Ectopistes and Balaeniceps, the decisions by the Commission have already been 2 The proposals here referred to were submitted to the Commission with Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 and V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 respectively. Decisions regarding these proposals have since been taken by the Commission and embodied in Direction 22 in the case of V.P.(O.M.)(55)9 and in Direction 36 in the case of V.P.(O.M.)(55)27. DIRECTION 43 187 announced (in Directions 18 and 19 respectively), and decisions on the remaining names will be announced at an early date.? In three additional cases, applications submitted to the Commission included proposals for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period under review. The names concerned were: (a) Campephaga (Bull. 9 : 32—33); (b) Colluricincla (Bull. 9 : 50—S1) ; (c) Struthio (Bull. 9 : 96—97).3 Altogether, therefore, the question of the addition to the Official List of the specific names of the type species of the genera with which we are here concerned is being dealt with separately in eight cases. Thus, the number of names to be considered on the present occasion is reduced to ninety-five. 4. We have first to note that as regards the names of the type species of eight of these genera it is not possible at the moment to submit recommendations to the Commission. The difficulties involved arise from a diversity of causes: (1) and (2) In the case of the nominal genera Bubo and Surnia it is not clear what was the first occasion on which nominal species were cited in connection with them; (3) Gypaetus is commonly stated to be monotypical but it is doubtful whether or not this is correct; (4) In the case of Trichoglossus the nominal species currently accepted as the type species was not included in the genus at the time when this name was first published ; (5) The name Grus is commonly attributed to the wrong author and date.® Moreover, as from the date from which this name is currently accepted the species treated as the type species was not an included species ; (6) In the case of Anas there is an unresolved doubt as to what is the correct name for its type species ; (7) The next name is Nyctea where it has been impossible so far to trace where in the literature a first reviser selected the name currently used for the type species in preference to another name published in the same book; (8) In the case of Vireo it has not yet been found possible to trace a valid selection for its type species, the currently accepted selection being invalid, as it was the selection of a nominal species which, though currently identified subjectively with one of the included species, was not itself an included species. In all these cases investigations are proceeding in conjunction with interested specialists and proposals will be submitted to the Commission as soon as the factual position in regard to these names has been established. The postponement of these cases reduces the number of names with which it is possible to deal on the present occasion to eighty-seven.* 5. In sixty-eight cases the specific name of the type species of the genus concerned is not only an objectively available name but is also 3 Particulars of the action since taken in regard to these names are given in the Appendix attached to the present Direction. 4 The proposals submitted in regard to two names were later withdrawn by the Minute reproduced in paragraph 5 of the present Direction. It is for this reason that the number of names dealt with in the present Direction amounts only to eighty-five. 188 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the name which is accepted by all authorities as the oldest available name for the species concerned. These names are enumerated in Annexe 1. It is recommended that, in compliance with the General Directive relating to the maintenance of the Official Lists issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology, these names be now placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 6. In the application submitted to the Commission which later became the basis of the Ruling given in its Opinion 67, the applicants added indications in a number of cases making it clear that, in their opinion, the specific name of the type species was a junior subjective synonym of some other species. In most of the cases concerned the synonymies so established have stood the test of time and are currently accepted by ornithologists. In two cases, however, the synonymies established by the applicants are no longer considered to be correct. The names concerned are: (1) Elanus Savigny, 1809: The type species of this genus is the nominal species Elanus caesius Savigny, 1809. In Opinion 67 the name caesius was treated as a junior subjective synonym of melanopterus Daudin (Falco melanopterus Daudin, 1800). Currently, however, it is sunk as a junior subjective synonym of the older name caeruleus Desfontaines (Falco caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789). (ai) Pezoporus Illiger, 1811: The type species of this genus is Psittacus formosus Latham, 1790, which is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Psittacus formosus Scopoli, 1769. In Opinion 67 the oldest name subjectively available for this species was stated to be Psittacus terrestris Shaw, 1793. It is now considered that the oldest available name is Psittacus wallicus Kerr, 1792. 7. In twelve cases the specific name of the type species concerned is an objectively available name but is regarded by all authorities as being a junior subjective synonym of some other name. Particulars of these cases are given in Annexe 2. It is recommended that, in compliance with the General Directive relating to the maintenance of the Official Lists issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology, the twelve senior subjective synonyms concerned be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 8. A different problem is involved with the last seven of the names to be considered. In each of these cases the specific name used for the type species by the original author of the generic name is a junior objective (and therefore invalid) synonym of the name of a previously established nominal species. In consequence the nominal species to be accepted as the type species of each of these genera will depend upon the decision to be taken by the Commission on the proposal Z.N.(S.) 908, now before it, for the adoption of a Declaration pres- cribing the nominal species to be accepted as the type species of a genus in such a case (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 112— 113).5 Under the proposals so submitted, the nominal species to be 5 The application here referred to has since been approved by the International Commission and has been embodied in Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii). DIRECTION 43 189 treated as the type species of the genus concerned would be not the species cited by the author of the generic name but the older nominal species which is objectively identical with it. The situation discussed above arises only where the nominal species, which, under the present rules, is the type species of a genus, was established as a direct sub- stitute for a previously established nominal species and where, in consequence, the two nominal species are objectively identical with one another, each having the same specimen as its type specimen. This situation was illustrated in the application referred to above by the case of Homarus Weber, 1795, the type species of which is, under the existing rules, Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775. When publishing this name, Fabricius did not, however, describe a new species, but deliberately gave a new name for (nom. nov. pro) the nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758. Thus, the nominal species bearing the names A. marinus Fabricius and C. gammarus Linnaeus are objectively identical with one another, the specific name gammarus Linnaeus being the valid name for the taxon concerned and marinus Fabricius being no more than an invalid (because junior) objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus. The object of the suggested Declaration® referred to above is to weed out these junior objective synonyms in favour of the corresponding senior objective synonyms, thus making it possible to cite as the type species of the genus con- cerned the nominal species bearing the name which is the valid (senior) synonym (in the case cited above, the well-known name gammarus Linnaeus) instead of the invalid (junior) objective synonym (in the case cited above, the invalid name marinus Fabricius, which is totally unknown, except to specialists familiar with the old literature). 9. The seven names here involved are the following: Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790; Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821 ; Heliornis Bonna- terre, 1790; Manucodia Boddaert, 1783; Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766 ; Pandion Savigny, 1809; Polyplectron Temminck, 1807. Full par- ticulars of these cases are given in Section A of Annexe 3. In dealing with these names for the purpose of preparing the present application, it has been necessary in each case to make a working assumption on the question as to which of the two objectively identical nominal species should be treated as the type species of the genus concerned. The assumption which has been adopted is that the Commission will approve the adoption of the Declaration discussed above’ and therefore that, for these seven genera, the type species will be the nominal species bearing the older of the two objectively synonymous names. In each case the senior objective synonym is an available name and is regarded by specialists as the oldest such name for the species con- cerned. The names concerned are shown in Column (2) of Section B of Annexe 3. In the same Section of that Annexe there are given in Column (3) the names which are junior objective synonyms of the names shown in Column (2). Ifthe Declaration discussed in paragraph 8 above is adopted by the Commission, the names shown in Column 6 See footnote 5. 190 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) will be the names of the type species of the genera concerned, while if the Commission decides against that course, the names shown in Column (3) will be the names of the type species of the genera con- cerned. Irrespective of the action to be taken by the Commission in the matter of the above Declaration,’ the senior synonyms referred to above will, under the General Directive mentioned in paragraphs 5 and 7, need to be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. If the above Declaration is adopted,’ these names will need to be associated with the names enumerated in Annexe 1 (specific names of type species), while, if that Declaration is not adopted, these names will need to be associated with the names enumerated in Annexe 2 (specific names of nominal species either subjectively or objectively identified with later established nominal species which are type species). 10. In the light of the considerations advanced in the preceding paragraphs, I recommend that, in compliance with the General Directive relating to the maintenance of the Official Lists issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, the Commission should :— (a) place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (i) the sixty-eight specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe 1, each of which is the type species of the genus shown in the corresponding entry in Col. (3) of the said Annexe (paragraph 5) ; (ii) the twelve specific names enumerated in Col. (1) of Annexe 2, each of which is the specific name of a nominal species which is currently subjectively identified with the later established nominal species which is the type species of the genus specified in the corresponding entry in Col. (2) of the said Annexe (paragraph 7) ; (b) place on the foregoing Official List the seven specific names enumerated in Section C of Annexe 3, these names to be so placed :— (i) as the names of the type species of the nominal genera specified in the said Section, in the event of the prior adoption by the Commission of the Declaration recom- mended in Application Z.N.(S.) 908’ ; (ii) as the names of nominal species which are objectively identical with the later established nominal species which are severally the type species of the genera referred to in (i) above, in the event of the non-adoption by the Commission of the Declaration referred to above. en ee ee 7 For particulars of the action subsequently taken by the International Com- mission in this matter see Footnote 5. DIRECTION 43 ANNEXE 1 191 Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of the specific names of the type species of sixty-eight nominal genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) vulturina Hardwicke, 1834 occidentalis Lawrence, 1858 maximus Geoffroy, 1850 sponsa Linnaeus, 1758 arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 narina Stephens, 1815 patagonica Miller, 1778 australis Shaw, 1813 scolopacea Gmelin, 1788 cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 nigra Gmelin, 1788 sulcatus Swainson, 1820 auritus Gray, 1829 pyrrhopterus Latham, 1801 moschata Linnaeus, 1758 the end of 1936 Combination in which name specified in Col. (1) was originally published (2) Opinion 67 Numida vulturina Podiceps occidentalis Aepyornis maximus Anas sponsa Alauda arvensis Trogon narina Aptenodytes patagonica Apteryx australis Ardea scolopacea Ardea cinerea Paradisea [sic] nigra Pteroglossus sulcatus Podargus auritus Psittacus pyrrhopterus Anas moschaia Name of genus of which species specified in Col. (1) is the type species (3) Acryllium Gray, 1840 Aechmophorus Coues, 1862 Aepyornis Geoffroy, 1850 Aix Boie, 1828 Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 Apaloderma Swainson, 1833 Aptenodytes Miller, 1778 Apteryx Shaw, 1813 Aramus Vieillot, 1816 Ardea Linnaeus, 1758 Astrapia Vieillot, 1816 Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834 Batrachostomus Gould, 1838 Brotogeris Vigors, 1825 Cairina Fleming, 1822 192 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) niger Miiller (P.L.S.), [1776] aura Linnaeus, 1758 urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827 ornatus Geoffroy, 1809 novaehollandiae Latham, 1801 chavaria Linnaeus, 1766 pictus Linnaeus, 1758 regia Linnaeus, 1758 gallicus Gmelin, 1788 glandarius Linnaeus, 1758 americanus Linnaeus, 1758 flaveola Linnaeus, 1758 auratus Linnaeus, 1758 ani Linnaeus, 1758 exulans Linnaeus, 1758 ardeola Paykull, 1805 garzetta Linnaeus, 1766 Combination in which name specified in Col. (1) was originally published (2) Bucco niger Vultur aura Tetrao urophasianus Cephalopterus ornatus Cereopsis novae-hollandiae Parra chavaria Phasianus pictus Paradisaea regia Falco gallicus Cuculus glandarius Cuculus americanus Certhia flaveola Cuculus auratus Crotophaga ani Diomedea exulans Dromas ardeola Ardea garzetta OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name of genus of which species specified in Col. (1) is the type species (3) Capito Vieillot, 1816 Cathartes Illiger, 811 Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809 Cereopsis Latham, 1801 Chauna Illiger, 1811 Chrysolophus Gray (J.E.), [1833-34] Cicinnurus Vieillot, 1816 Circaetus Vieillot, 1816 Clamator Kaup, 1829 Coccyzus Vieillot, 1816 Coereba Vieillot, 1807 Colaptes Swainson, 1825 Crotophaga Linnaeus, 1758 Diomedea Linnaeus, 1758 Dromas Paykull, 1805 Egretta Forster, 1817 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) javanicus Horsfield, 1821 helias Pallas, 1781 glacialis Linnaeus, 1761 swainsonii Vigors, 1825 ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758 struthersii Vigors, [1832] torquilla Linnaeus, 1758 excubitor Linnaeus, 1758 violacea Isert, 1789 percnopterus Linnaeus, 1758 mantellii Owen, 1848 meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 pectoralis Latham, 1801 sefilata Forster, 1781 major Linnaeus, 1758 aethereus Linnaeus, 1758 mocinno de la Llave, 1832 ruber Linnaeus, 1758 DIRECTION 43 Combination in which name specified in Col. (1) was originally published (2) Eurylaimus jJavanicus Ardea helias Procellaria glacialis Gampsonyx SWainsonil Haematopus ostralegus Ibidorhyncha struthersii Jynx torquilla Lanius excubitor Musophaga violacea Vultur perenopterus Notornis mantellii Phasianus meleagris Muscicapa pectoralis Paradisea [sic] sefilata Parus major Phaethon aethereus Pharomachrus mocinno. Phoenicopterus ruber 193 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. (1) is the type species (3) Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821 Eurypyga Illiger, 1811 Fulmarus Stephens, Gampsonyx Vigors, Haematopus Linnaeus, 1758 Ibidorhyncha Vigors, [1832] Jynx Linnaeus, 1758 Lanius Linnaeus, 1758 Musophaga Isert, 1789 Neophron Savigny, 1809 Notornis Owen, 1848 Numida Linnaeus, 1764 Pachycephala Vigors, 1825 Parotia Vieillot, 1816 Parus Linnaeus, 1758 Phaethon Linnaeus, 1758 Pharomachrus ; de la Llave, 1832 Phoenicopterus Linnaeus, 1758 194 Specific name proposed to be placed on the ‘‘ Official List Col. (1) was originally of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 porzana Linnaeus, 1766 erithacus Linnaeus, 1758 crepitans Linnaeus, 1758 aracari Linnaeus, 1758 paradiseus Swainson, 1825 aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758 avosetta Linnaeus, 1758 chrysocephala Lewin, 1808 europaea Linnaeus, 1758 abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823 habroptilus Gray, 1845 magna Linnaeus, 1758 vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 paradoxa Pallas, 77S rufa Boddaert, 1783 doliatus Linnaeus, 1764 chimaera Rothschild, 1895 Combination in which name specified in published (2) Platalea leucorodia Rallus porzana Psittacus erithacus Psophia crepitans Ramphastos aracari Ptiloris paradiseus Rallus aquaticus Recurvirostra avosetta Meliphaga chrysocephala Sitta europaea Ciconia abdimii Strigops habroptilus Alauda magna Sturnus vulgaris Tetrao paradoxa Tanagra rufa Lanius doliatus Uratelornis chimaera OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name of genus of which species specified in Col. (1) is the type species (3) Platalea Linnaeus, 1758 Porzana Vieillot, 1816 Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758 Psophia Linnaeus, 1758 Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811 Ptiloris Swainson, 1825 Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 Recurvirostra Linnaeus, 1758 Sericulus Swainson, 1825 Sitta Linnaeus, 1758 Sphenorynchus Lichtenstein, 1823 Strigops Gray, 1845 Sturnella Vieillot, 1816 Sturnus Linnaeus, 1758 Syrrhaptes Uliger, 1811 Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816 Thamnophilus Vieillot, 1816 Uratelornis Rothschild, 1895 DIRECTION 43 195 ANNEXE 2 Proposed addition to the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of the specific names of twelve nominal species, subjectively identified with nominal species of later date which are the type species of genera of which the names were placed on the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 Specific name proposed to be Placed on the *‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) tiphia Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the combination Motacilla tiphia cristatus Shaw in White, 1790, as published in the combination Caprimulgus cristatus® nitidus Latham, 1790, as pub- lished in the combination Falco nitidus caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], as published in the combination Falco caeruleus cristata Pallas, 1764, as published in the combination Columba cristata Remarks (not for inclusion in the entry to be made in the “* Official List’’) (2) A senior subjective synonym of leucoptera Vieillot, 1807, as published in the combination Sylvia leucoptera, the specific name of the type species of Aegithina Vieillot, 1816 a senior subjective synonym of novaehollandiae Latham, 1790, as published in the com- bination Caprimulgus novae-hollandiae, the specific name of the type species of Aegotheles Vigors & Horsfield, 1826 a senior subjective synonym of cinerea Vieillot, 1816, as pub- lished in the combination Asturia [sic] cinerea, the specific name of the type species of Asturina Vieillot, 1816 a senior subjective synonym of caesius Savigny, 1809, as pub- lished in the combination Elanus caesius, the specific name of the type species of Elanus Savigny, 1809 a senior subjective synonym of coronata Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Columba coronata, the specific name of the type species of Goura Stephens, 1819 8 For a discussion of the relative priority of the name Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in White, 1790, and of its subjective synonym Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham, 1790, see the Report by the Secretary reproduced in paragraph 9 of the present Direction. 196 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (1) albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the combination Falco albicilla indus Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Falco indus militaris Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the combination Emberiza militaris hoazin Miiller, [1776], as pub- lished in the combination Phasianus hoazin wallicus Kerr, 1792, as published in the combination Psittacus wallicus elegans Gmelin, 1788, as pub- lished in the combination Psittacus elegans OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Remarks (not for inclusion in the entry to be made in the “‘ Official List’’) a ro) ran) rat) 99 (2) senior subjective synonym of nisus Savigny, 1809, as pub- lished in the combination Haliaeetus nisus, the specific name of the type species of Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809 senior subjective synonym of pondicerianus Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combina- tion Falco pondicerianus, the specific name of the type species of Haliastur Selby, 1840 senior subjective synonym of americanus Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Oriolus americanus, the specific name of the type species of Leistes Vigors, 1825 senior subjective synonym of cristatus Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Phasianus cristatus the specific name of the type species of Opisthocomus Illiger, 1811 junior subjective synonym of formosus Latham, 1790, as published in the combination Psittacus formosus, the specific name of the type species of Pezoporus Illiger, 1811, which is invalid because a junior primary homonym of Psittacus formosus Scopoli, 1769 senior subjective synonym of pennantii Latham, 1790, as published in the combination Psittacus pennantii the specific name of the type species of Platycercus Vigors, 1825 DIRECTION 43 197 Specific name proposed to be Remarks placed on the ‘* Official List of (not for inclusion in the entry Specific Names in Zoology ”’ to be made in the “ Official List’) (1) (2) nigricephala Jameson, 1835, as a senior subjective synonym of published in the combination bilineatus Jardine & Selby, Tanagra nigricephala 1836, as published in the com- bination Spindalis bilineatus, the specific name of the type species of Spindalis Jardine & Selby, 1836 ANNEXE 3 Seven nominal genera of birds, the names of which were placed on the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936, where the author of the generic name cited the type species under a name which is a junior objective synonym of a previously published name Section A :—Particulars of the circumstances in which in seven cases an author when establishing a new nominal genus of birds either cited the type species under a previously published name which was a junior objective synonym of some older name or himself gratuitiously renamed the species in question (1) ‘* Coturnix ’’ Bonnaterre, 1790 Bonnaterre placed in his genus Coturnix a nominal species to which he gave the new name Coturnix communis. This name was expressly stated to be a substitute for (nom. nov. pro) the name Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus, 1758. The above is therefore the type species by absolute tautonymy under Rule (d) in Article 30. Under the proposal now submitted Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus and not Coturnix communis Bonnaterre will be the type species of Coturnix Bonnaterre. (2) ‘* Eurynorhynchus ’’ Nilsson, 1821 Nilsson treated this genus as being monotypical, placing in it only the nominal species to which he then gave the new name Eurynorhynchus griseus. Nilsson stated that this was only a substitute name for (nom. nov. pro) the name Platalea pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758. Under the present proposal Platalea pygmaea Linnaeus and not Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson will be the type species of the genus Eurynorhynchus Nilsson. 198 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (3) ‘* Heliornis ’’ Bonnaterre, 1790 Bonnaterre treated this genus as monotypical, placing in it only the nominal species Heliornis fulicarius. In introducing this new nominal species, Bonnaterre cited two bibliographical references, of which the first was ** Buff. tom. 15.385’. When we turn to the passage in Boddaert’s Tabl. Pl. enlum. Hist. nat. Daubenton where the name Colymbus fulica first appears, we find that Boddaert based the nominal species so named on the same reference to Buffon (XV.385). Thus Boddaert’s Colymbus fulica and Bonnaterre’s later Heliornis fulicarius have the same passage in Buffon as their “‘ indication ’’ and are there- fore objective synonyms of one another. It may be noted that Buffon dealt with this species under the French (vernacular) name ‘‘ Grébe foulque ”’ and it may certainly be concluded that this name, which was quoted from Buffon by Boddaert, led the latter to select the Latin word “‘ fulica ’’ as the specific name for this species. Under the present proposals Colymbus fulica Boddaert and not Heliornis fulicarius Bonnaterre will be the type species of the genus Heliornis Bonnaterre. (4) ‘‘ Manucodia *’ Boddaert, 1783 Boddaert treated this as a monotypical genus, placing in it only the nominal species to which he gave the new name Manucodia chalybea. In bringing forward this name, he cited a few bibliographical references but he did not cite by name the nominal species Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781, with which his species is currently identified. Boddaert introduced the name Manucodia when dealing with plate 634 in Daubenton’s Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux. The same plate formed the basis of Forster’s P. chalybata. The name Manucodia chalybea Bonnaterre is therefore a substitute name for (nom. noy. pro) the name Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster. Accordingly,’ the type species of Manucodia Bonnaterre will, under the present proposals, be Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster and not Manucodia chalybea Bonnaterre. (5) °* Oriolus ’’ Linnaeus, 1766 Linnaeus placed in this genus a nominal species to which he gave the new name Oriolus galbula. This name was expressly stated to be a substitute for (nom. nov. pro) the name Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758. The above is therefore the type species by absolute tautonymy under Rule (d) in Article 30. Under the proposal now submitted,Coracias oriolus Linnaeus and not Oriolus galbula Linnaeus will be the type species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766. (6) ‘* Pandion ”’ Savigny, 1809 Savigny treated this genus as being monotypical, placing in it only . the nominal species to which he gave the new name Pandion fluvialis. Savigny stated that this was a substitute name for (nom. nov. pro) DIRECTION 43 199 the name Falco haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758. Under the present proposal, Falco haliaetus Linnaeus and not Pandion fluvialis Savigny will be the type species of the genus Pandion Savigny. (7) ‘* Polyplectron ’’ Temminck, 1807 Temminck treated this genus as being monotypical, placing in it only the nominal species to which he then gave the new name Polyplectron argus. Temminck stated that this was a substitute name for (nom. nov. pro) the name Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758. Under the present proposal Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus and not Polyplectron argus will be the type species of the genus Polyplectron Temminck. Section B :—Seven pairs of objectively synonymous names of which in each case the later-published name is the one used by the original author of a generic name when citing the type species of the genus The older of a pair of objectively synonymous names for the type species of the genus specified in Col. (3) (1) Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus, 1758 Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) i's 161 Platalea pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 140 Colymbus fulica Boddaert, 1783, Tabl. Pl. enlum. Hist. nat. : 54 Paradisea {sic} chalybata Forster, 1781 Indische Zool. : 40 Coracias oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) i: 107 The later-published objective synonym of the name cited in Coll) (2) Coturnix communis Bonnaterre, 1791, Ency. méth., Orn. NEG Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson, 1821, Ornith. svec. ZC ys /29 Heliornis fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790, Ency. méth., Orn. £265 Manucodia chalybea Boddaert, 1783, Tabl. Pl. enlum. Hist. nat, #39 Oriolus galbula Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 160 Name of genus, the type species of which was cited under the name specified in Col. (2) by the author of the generic name (3) Coturnix Bonnaterre 1790, Ency. méth., Orn. 1s Ixxxvi, 216 Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821 Ornith. svec. 2(1) : 29 Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790 Ency méth., Orn. 1 : lxxxiv, 64 Manucodia Boddaert (783; Dabl.PI. enlum. Hist. nat. : 39 Oriolus Linnaeus 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed: 12) 11): 160 200 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS The older of a pair The later-published Name of genus, the of objectively objective synonym of type species of synonymous names the name cited in which was cited under for the type species of Col. (1) the name specified in the genus specified Col. (2) by the author in Col. (3) of the generic name (1) (2) (3) Falco haliaetus Pandion fluvialis Pandion Savigny, 1809, Linnaeus, 1758, Savigny, 1809, Descr. Egypte 1(1) | Syst Nat. (ed. 10) Descr. Egypte 1(1) (Ois) : 69, 95 i 9! (Ois) : 96 Pavo bicalcaratus Polyplectron argus Polyplectron Linnaeus, 1758, Temminck, 1807, Temminck, 1807, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) Cat. Syst. Cab. Cat. syst. Cab. 11356 Ornith. : 149 Ornith. : 149 Section C :—Entries recommended to be made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology® coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tetrao coturnix (specific name of type species of Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790) pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Platalea pygmaea (specific name of type species of Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 21) fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Colymbus fulica (specific name of type species of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790) chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata (specific name of type species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783) oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coracias oriolus (specific name of type species of Oriolus Linnaeus, 1766) haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Falco haliaetus (specific name of type species of Pandion Savigny, 1809) bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pavo bicalcaratus (specific name of type species of Polyplectron Temminck, 1807). ® The names which, as shown in Column (2) of Section B of the present Annexe, are junior objective synonyms of the names enumerated in the present Annexe have been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in ese by the Ruling given in Direction 44 (pp. 219—220 of the present volume). DIRECTION 43 201 3. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names discussed therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 993. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 4. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 : On 12th October 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)31) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that, “in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing of names on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names referred to in Sections (a) and (b) of paragraph 10 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 993 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the para- graph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in paragraph 2 of the present Direction] be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as there recommended and that the other action recommended in the said paragraph be similarly approved ”’ and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 5. Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55) 31 of proposals submitted in regard to two specific names: On 30th October 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, placed the 202 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS following Minute on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.) 993 :— Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 of proposals submitted in regard to two specific names MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) I have this day received from Professor Ernst Mayr a letter dated 26th October 1955 in which he has drawn my attention to the fact that within the last twenty years efforts have been made to show that the name gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Falco gallicus, applies to the same taxon as that to which is applicable the specific name ferox Gmelin (S.G.), 1771, as published in the com- bination Accipiter ferox and that by the authors who had taken this view the name gallicus had been treated as a junior subjective synonym of the name ferox. It appears, however, from Professor Mayr’s letter that for some years past the attempt to synonymise the above names has been abandoned. Nevertheless, this is a matter which ought, in my opinion, to be examined separately before a decision is taken by the Commission on the question of the admission of the name gallicus Gmelin to the Official List. This will involve the postponement of a decision in relation to the name for the type species of Circaetus Vieillot, 1816. 2. I have further to place on record that one of the specific names which in paper Z.N.(S.) 993 was proposed for admission to the Official List has, I now find, already been placed on that List. This is the name of the type species of Neophron Savigny, 1809. This name was originally published in the misspelled form perenopterus (Vultur perenopterus Linnaeus, 1758) but was emended by later authors to the correct spelling percnopterus. On the proposal of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature established by the Tenth International Ornithological Congress (1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 9 : 52) this emendation has been accepted by the Commission in its Opinion 411 (now in the press)!° and in the same Opinion this name in its emended form percnopterus was placed on the Official List. 3. For the reasons set forth above, I now, as Secretary to the International Commission, hereby direct as follows :— (a) that the proposals relating to the under-mentioned specific names which in the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 993 were sub- mitted to the Commission concurrently with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 be withdrawn from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper :— (i) gallicus Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combina- tion Falco gallicus ; (ii) percnopterus (emend. of perenopterus) Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur perenopterus ; 10 The Opinion here referred to was published on 31st July 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 13 : 191—202). DIRECTION 43 203 (b) that the question whether the specific name gallicus Gmelin, 1788, should be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology be examined on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 1052, which has this day been opened for this purpose, with a view to the submission after consultation with interested specialists of proposals as to the action to be taken in this matter. 6. The Prescribed Voting Period : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)31 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 12th November 1955. 7. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(55)31 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Hering; Holthuis; Lemche; Vokes; Stoll; Esaki; Boschma; Miller; Bradley (J.C.) ; Sylvester- Bradley; Prantl; Mayr; Jaczewski; Tortonese ; do Amaral ; Dymond ; Hemming; Bonnet; Mertens ; Cabrera ; Key ; Kithnelt ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bodenheimer ; 204 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 8. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 2lst November 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)31, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 7 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 9. Report by the Secretary on the relative dates of publication of the names ‘* Caprimulgus novaehollandiae ’? Latham and ‘‘ Capri- mulgus cristatus ’’ Shaw in White, both currently treated as having been published in 1790: On 3lst January 1956 Mr. Hemming as Secretary placed on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.)993 the follow- ing Report on the relative priority of the names Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham, and Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in White, which are currently treated as having been published in the year 1790 and are synonymised with one another, Shaw’s name cristatus being treated as having priority over Latham’s name novaehollandiae. Relative priority of the binomina ‘* Caprimulgus cristatus ’’ Shaw in White, 1790, and ‘‘ Caprimulgus novaehollandiae ’’ Latham, 1790 REPORT by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In returning Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55) 31 Professor Ernst Mayr drew attention to the fact that, as stated in the second entry in Annexe 2 to the paper submitted concurrently with the foregoing Voting Paper,” the name of the type species of the genus Aegotheles Vigors & Horsfield, 1826, was Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham, 1790, but that that name was currently treated as a junior subjective synonym of the name Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in White published in the same year. While not suggesting that this treatment was incorrect, Professor 11 See page 195 of the present Direction. DIRECTION 43 ; 205 Mayr thought it desirable that, if possible, the relative priority of these two names should be placed on a firm footing. 2. On Professor Mayr’s suggestion I have investigated the above matter on which I now submit the following Report :— (a) The relative priority of the names Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham and Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw was discussed by Gregory Mathews ({1918—1919], Birds Australia 7 : 51) who brought forward the following evidence :— (i) Latham’s Index Ornith. is dated ‘‘ 1790’ but its exact date of publication cannot be ascertained. Gregory Mathews pointed out, however, that this work had sometimes been treated by later authors as having appeared in 1791 and not in 1790. His conclusion was that it was probably published late in 1790. (ii) As regards the name Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in White, Gregory Mathews pointed out that the plate in Shaw’s Journal containing a figure of this species is dated “Dec. 29th 1789’. He pointed out further that this work was reviewed in the Gentleman’s Magazine (55(2) : 742) in its issue of August 1790. Mathews added that the above serial was known not to have published reviews of books immediately upon their publication. He con- cluded that this work was probably published early in 1790. (b) An examination of the two books concerned carried out by Miss D. N. Noakes, B.Sc.,!* has brought to light one piece of information not elicited by Gregory Mathews. This is that, while, as stated by him, the title page bears the date “‘ 1790 ”’ (i) the dedication by the author is written from ‘* Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, N.S. Wales’? and is dated ‘*‘ November 18th 1788” and (ii) all the plates bear (in very small print) the legend “‘ Published as the act directs, Dec. 29th, 1789 by J. Debrett ’’. The use in this legend of the word “‘ Published ”’, which was not mentioned by Gregory Mathews, gives much greater precision to the date which he quoted. (c) Under a decision taken by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, which was then incorporated into the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 223—225), a book or paper, the exact date of publication of which in a given year is not known, is to be treated for the purposes of the applica- 12 Research Assistant, Office of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 206 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS tion of the Law of Priority to new names included in it, as having been published not earlier than the earliest date in that year in which it is known to have been published and, where no such evidence is available, as having been published on the last day of the year in question. (d) When the foregoing decision by the Paris Congress is applied in the present case, it is seen :— (i) that the earliest date in 1790 on which White’s Journal, and therefore the name Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw, is definitely known to have been published is the date in the month of August in which the issue of ihe Gentleman’s Magazine containing a review of White’s Journal was published ; (ii) that, as nothing apart from the date “‘ 1790” on the title page is known regarding the date of publication of Latham’s Index ornithologicus, the earliest date which can be definitely assigned to the above work and there- fore to the name Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham is 3lst December 1790. (e) For the reasons set forth above, the name Caprimulgus cristatus Shaw in White has between four and five months priority under the Régles over the name Caprimulgus novaehollandiae Latham. 3. In view of the evidence brought forward in the foregoing paragraph the proposals submitted to the Commission in regard to the relative priority of the names discussed above is seen to have been correct and therefore, under the General Directive issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology regarding the placing of names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, the specific name cristatus Shaw, 1790, and not the name novaehollandiae Latham, 1790, should now be placed on the foregoing List, as proposed in the paper referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Report and as subse- quently approved by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31. In order to obviate the risk of any future misunder- standing arising in regard to this matter it is desirable that, when in accordance with the decision of the Commission the name cristatus Shaw in White is placed on the Official List, the date ‘‘ August ” should be cited in square brackets, together with the date “‘ 1790” and, as Secretary to the Commission, I hereby direct that this citation be made. DIRECTION 43 207 10. Determination of the status under Article 30 of seven nominal species objectively identical with later-established nominal species cited for the type species of genera by the original authors of the generic names concerned: On 25th February 1956 Mr. Hemming as Secretary placed on the Commission’s File Z.N.(S.)993 the follow- ing Minute clarifying the status under Article 30 or seven nominal species, each of which is objectively identical with a later-estab- lished nominal species which was cited for the type species of a genus in the Class Aves by the original author of the generic name in question:— Status under Article 30 of a nominal species which is objectively identical with the nominal species cited as the type species of a genus by the original author of the generic name concerned MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) At the time of the submission to the Commission of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 993 it was not clear what nominal species should be treated as being the type species of a genus when two or more objectively identical nominal species were involved. This problem arose in connection with the names to be used for the type species of seven genera in the Class Aves, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936, and therefore called for decision in the vote to be taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31. 2. A proposal for the adoption of a Declaration clarifying the inter- pretation of Article 30 in the above regard was under consideration at the time when the foregoing paper was submitted to the Commission and it was anticipated that a decision thereon would have been taken by the Commission before the time came for the preparation of a Direction embodying the Commission’s decision on the Voting Paper referred to above. Accordingly, in the paper submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper alternative proposals were placed before the Commission in paragraph 10(b),!° under the first of which, in the event of the adoption of the suggested Declaration, the seven senior objective synonyms listed in Section C of Annexe 3 would be treated as the specific names of the type species of the genera concerned and in the event of the non-adoption of that Declaration as the specific names of nominal species objectively identical with the nominal species which would in that event be the type species of the genera in question. 3. The foregoing alternative proposals, together with the other proposals submitted with Paper Z.N.(S.) 993 were approved by the Commission by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31. 18 See page 190 of the present Direction. 208 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. By its Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(55)30 the Commission on 22nd February 1956 adopted the suggested Declaration referred to in paragraph 2 above, under which it ruled that under Article 30 of the Régles where there are two or more objectively identical nominal species, the designation, indication or selection of any one of those nominal species to be the type species of a genus is to be treated as the designation, indication or selection of whichever of the nominal species concerned has the oldest available name, irrespective of whether or not that nominal species was cited by the author of the generic name in question. The decision so taken has since been embodied in Declaration 21 (now in the press)"*. 5. As Secretary to the Commission, I accordingly hereby direct as follows :— (1) that in the Ruling to be given in the Direction embodying the decision taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (55)31 a Section be included prescribing that in accordance with the provisions of Declaration 21 the seven nominal species specified in Column (1) of Section B of Annexe 3 to the Paper Z.N.(S.) 993 submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper, each of which is objectively identical with the later-established nominal species enumerated in Column (2) of the said Annexe which was cited by the author of the generic name concerned, be treated as the type species of the genera severally specified in Column (3) of the Annexe in question ; . (2) that consequential upon the foregoing decision, the seven specific names enumerated in Section C of the above Annexe be entered on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as the specific names of the type species of the genera referred to above. 11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 29th February 1956 Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31, subject (i) to the with- drawal from the scope of the foregoing Voting Paper of the proposals in regard to the two specific names specified in the Secretary’s Minute of 30th October 1955 (reproduced in paragraph 5 of the present Direction), (ii) to the insertion of particulars of the month as well as the year of publication of the specific name. 14 See Footnote 5. DIRECTION 43 209 cristatus Shaw, [August] 1790, as published in the combination Caprimulgus cristatus, when that name is entered on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, as directed in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 3lst January 1956 (paragraph 9 of the present Direction) and (iii) to the determination of the nature of the entry to be made on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology in relation to seven other specific names as prescribed in the Secretary’s Minute of 25th February 1956 (reproduced in paragraph 10 of the present Direction). 12. Original References: The original references for the names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in connection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the nominal species bearing the names concerned being either the type species of genera, the names of which have been inscribed on that List or are older-established nominal species subjectively identified therewith. 13. Family-Group Names: No question relating to family- group names arises in connection with the Ruling given in the present Direction. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accord- ingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty- Three (43) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING 210 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS APPENDIX Particulars of the action taken or now in progress in the case of the eighteen names of genera belonging to the Class Aves which were placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936, as regards which no action has been taken in the present ‘‘ Direction ’’ under the General Directive issued to the International Commission by the International Congress of Zoology relative to the placing on the ** Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of the specific names of the type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology’’ in the foregoing period (A) Names of ten genera, the names of the type species of which, or senior subjective synonyms of such names, have now been placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” | Balaeniceps Direction 19 1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 133—144 2 Burhinus Direction 20 1955, ibid. 1(C) : 145—160 3 Campephaga Opinion 407 1956, ibid. 13 : 131—146 4 Colluricincla Opinion 410 1956, ibid. 13 : 173—190 5 Ectopistes Direction 18 1955, ibid. 1(C) : 113—132 6 Gallinago Direction 39 1956, ibid. 17D) : 95—138 7 Grus Direction 55 (ibid. 1(D), Part D.16, now in the press) 8 Neophron Opinion 411 1956, ibid. 13 : 191—202 9 Oedicnemus (See Burhinus above.) 10 Struthio Opinion 413 1956, ibid. 13 : 233—242 (B) Name of one genus, for the addition to the *“‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology’ of the name of the type species of which a proposal has now been published in the “‘ Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ”’ 11 Circaetus (Z.N.(S.) 1052) 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 120— 122 (C) Names of seven genera, in respect of which investigations are proceeding on the Files noted below on questions relating to the type species of the genera concerned 12 Anas 13. Gypaetus oe 14 Nyctea joke ZINAS:) 1050 15 Vireo i 16 Bubo bee i) Sea File Z.N.(S.) 1051 18 Trichoglossus File Z.N.(S.) 1055 Printed in England by MretcaLFe & Cooper LimiTED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission DIRECTION 44 Correction of certain entries relating to the names of genera in the Class Aves made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936 and addition to the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology of certain names given to VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.8. Pp. 211—232 genera and species of the same Class. LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Fifteen Shillings So ee VACUO PN (All rights reserved) f 2 “VN TOV NY 49-rk = \\ NO\ 20 195 F Issued 19th October, 1956 8 Lipearey 7 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 44 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) © Secretary: Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. ee eee (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th ~ uly 1 ) Professor Teiso EsAkI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (ASth October 1954): Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KtHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) neve. F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria”’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 44 CORRECTION OF CERTAIN ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA IN THE CLASS AVES MADE ON THE ‘ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE CLOSE OF 1936 AND ADDITION TO THE ‘° OFFICIAL INDEXES OF REJECTED AND INVALID NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ”’ OF CERTAIN NAMES GIVEN TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE SAME CLASS RULING :—(1) The entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in regard to the names of three genera in the Class Aves made by the Ruling given in Opinion 67 are hereby corrected in the manner specified below :— (1) Alauda Linnaeus, 1758: The nominal species Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, was first selected to be the type species of the genus Alauda Linnaeus, 1758, by Selby in 1825 (///. Brit. Ornith. 1 (Landbirds) : xxix, xxxiil) and this reference is accordingly hereby substituted for the fcorrect teference ~-Tsd.):Swamson,:: '82:7)7?. (2) Fulmarus Stephens, 1826: The nominal species Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, was first selected to be the type species of the genus Fulmarus Stephens, 1826, by Gray (G.R.) in 1855 (Cat. Gen. Sub-Gen. Birds Brit. Mus. : 129) and this reference is accordingly hereby sub- stituted for the incorrect reference ‘‘ Palmer, FS36y"’: (3) Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790: The generic name Heliornis Bonnaterre, was published in Part 1 of the ** Ornithologie ”’ Section of the Encyclopédie Bav 4A 1Q4h 214 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS méthodique in 1790 and not in 1791 as incorrectly stated in Opinion 67 and appeared on page 64 as well as on page Ixxxiv. The entry on the Official List is accordingly hereby corrected by the substitution of the date “1790” for the date “* 1791 ”? and completed by the addition of a reference to page 64. (2) The nominal species Manucodia chalybea Boddaert, 1783, a junior objective synonym of Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781, would have been the type species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783, if it had not been for the provisions of Declaration 21+, under which the type species of this genus is Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781, as the senior of the two objective synonyms concerned. The specific name chalybata Forster was misspelled as chalybeata in the Ruling given in Opinion 67. This spelling, as an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling, is placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology by Ruling (4) in the present Direction. (3) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (1) Aegithia Blyth, 1860 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aegithina Vieillot, 1816) (Name ING. 152 75 (2) Aix Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (An Invalid Emendation of Aia Eyton, 1838 and a junior homonym of Aix Boie, 1838) (Name No. 528) ; (3) Alauda Daudin, 1816 (a junior homonym of Alauda Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 529) ; 1 Published in 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii). DIRECTION 44 215 (4) Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778) (Name No. 530) ; (5) Aptenodites Lesson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778) (Name No. 531) ; (6) Aptenodyta Gmelin (J.F.), 1788 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778) (Name No. 532) ; (7) Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 533) ; (8) Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872 (a junior homonym of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834) (Name No. 534) ; (9) Brotogerys Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid | Emendation of Brotogeris Vigors, 1825) (Name IWO.°935) ; (10) Capito Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of Capito Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 536) ; (11) Catharthes d’Orbigny, [1835] (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Cathartes Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 537) ; (12) Centrocercus Fitzinger, 1843 (a junior homonym of ne ay Swainson, 1832) (Name No. 538) ; (13) Cephalopterus Risso, 1810 (a junior homonym of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809 (Name No. 539) ; (14) Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870 (a junior homonym of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809) (Name No. 540) ; (15) Chauna Loew, 1847 (a junior homonym of Chauna Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 541) ; 216 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (16) Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837 (a junior homonym of Chrysolophus Gray (J.E.), [1833—1834]) (Name No. 542) ; (17) Clamator Blyth, 1852 (a junior homonym of Clamator Kaup, 1829) (Name No. 543) ; (18) Coerebra Boie, 1826 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Coereba Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 544) ; (19) Coturnix Cuvier, 1800 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 545) ; (20) Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821) (Name No. 546) ; (21) Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, [1852] (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821) (Name No. 547) ; (22) Eurylaemus Gloger, [1841] (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821) (Name No. 548) ; (23) Eurypygia Swainson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Eurypyga Lliger, 1811) (Name No. 549) ; (24) Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847 (a junior homonym of Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 550) ; (25) Haliaethus Lesson, 1831 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809) (Name No. 551) ; (26) Haliaétos Bonaparte, 1826 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809) (Name No. 552) ; DIRECTION 44 21¥ (27) Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809) (Name Nor593)8 (28) Heliornis Billberg, 1820 (a junior homonym of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790) (Name No. 554) ; (29) Ibidorhinchus David, 1875 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for [bidorhyncha Vigors, 1832) (Name No. 555) ; (30) Ibidorhynchus Gray (G.R.), 1844 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Jbidorhyncha Vigors, 1832) (Name No. 556) ; (31) Musophagus Bonnaterre, 1790 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Musophaga Isert, 1789) (Name No. 557) ; (32) Numidia Forster, 1817 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Numida Linnaeus, 1764) (Name No. 558) ; (33) Pachycephala Klug, 1834 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 559) ; (34) Pachycephala Doleschall, 1858 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 560) ; (35) Pachycephala Lioy, 1864 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 561); (36) Pachycephala Broun, 1881 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 562) ; (37) Pachycephala Fairmaire, 1883 (a junior homonym of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 563) ; (38) Pachycephalus Stephens, 1826 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825) (Name No. 564) ; 218 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (39) Parotica Wagler, 1827 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Parotia Vieillot, 1816) (Name No. 565) ; (40) Pezoporus Klug, [1842] (a junior homonym of Pezoporus Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 566) ; (41) Pezoporus Foerster, 1868 (a junior homonym of Pezoporus Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 567) ; (42) Psittacus Catesby, 1777 (a junior homonym of Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 568) ; (43) Pteroglossus Chaudoir, 1843 (a junior homonym of Pteroglossus Illiger, 1811) (Name No. 569) ; (44) Ptilorhys Bonaparte, 1854 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Priloris Swainson, 1825) (Name No. 570); (45) Ptilornis Gray (G.R.), 1869 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Ptiloris Swainson, 1825) (Name No. 571) ; (46) Strigopsis Bonaparte, 1849 (an Invalid Emendation of Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) (Name No. 572). (47) Stringops Finsch, 1867 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) (Name Noe. 3573); (48) Stringopsis van der Hoeven, 1855 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) (Name No. 574) ; (49) Strygops Des Murs, [1853] (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) (Name No. 575) ; (50) Ptilorhis Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Priloris Swainson, 1825) (Name No. 576). DIRECTION 44 219 (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (1) argus Temminck, 1807, as published in the com- bination Polyplectron argus (a junior objective synonym of bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pavo bicalcaratus) (Name No. 343) ; (2) chalybea Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com- bination Manucodia chalybea (a junior objective synonym of chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata) (Name No. 344) ; (3) chalybeata Stiles, 1916, as published in the com- bination Paradisea chalybeata (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata) (Name No. 345) ; (4) communis Bonnaterre, 1791, as published in the combination Coturnix communis (a junior objec- tive synonym of coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tetrao coturnix) (Name No. 346) ; (5) fluvialis Savigny, 1809, as published in the combina- tion Pandion fluvialis (a junior objective synonym of haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Falco haliaetus) (Name No. 347) ; (6) formosus Latham, 1790, as published in the com- bination Psittacus formosus (a junior primary homonym of formosus Scopoli, 1769, as published in the combination Psittacus formosus) (Name No. 348) ; 220 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (7) fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790, as published in the combination Heliornis fulicarius (a junior objective synonym of fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published a He combination Colymbus fulica) (Name No. (8) galbula Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Oriolus galbula (a junior objective synonym of oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published - me combination Coracias oriolus) (Name No. 50): (9) griseus Nilsson, 1821, as published in the com- bination Eurynorhynchus griseus (a junior objective synonym of pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published i _ combination Platalea pygmaea) (Name No. OP): J. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT "DIRECTION, The present Direction is the third? of a series containing decisions supplementary to the Rulings in regard to the names of genera in the Class Aves placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936. These decisions have been taken by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in conformity with General Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology that the entries made on the Official List in that period be completed by the entry thereon in respect of each generic name of certain additional particulars currently required for new entries on that List and that the specific name of the type species of every genus, the name of which was entered on the Official List in the foregoing period, be entered upon the Official List of Specific Names in 2 The earlier Directions here referred to are Direction 26 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 259—272) and Direction 43 published in 1956 as the immediately preceding Part of the present Section (Section D) of volume 1. DIRECTION 44 221 Zoology, if the oldest available name for the species concerned, and that in other cases the oldest available specific name for the species in question be so entered. The present Direction which is taken under another General Directive issued to the Com- mission by the Congress contains Rulings prescribing certain minor corrections to be made in the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the above period and placing certain names connected with the cases referred to above on the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Generic and Specific Names in Zoology. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 12th October 1955 :— Proposals relating to various matters outstanding in connection with the names of genera in the Class Aves placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains the third instalment of proposals for giving effect, so far as the names of genera of birds are concerned, to the General Directive, issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 should be completed by the addition thereto of all the particulars required by other Directives issued to the Commission by that Congress. The first instalment, which related to the assignment of appropriate genders to the names of genera of birds placed on the Official List in the foregoing period, formed the subject of the vote taken by the Commission on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)16. The Commission’s decision on this matter has since been embodied in Direction 26 (now in the press).2 The second instalment, which was concerned with the placing on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of the same genera, formed the subject of proposals submitted to the Commission with the Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 issued simultaneously with the present proposals. The instalment now submitted is concerned with various miscellaneous matters, such as the correction of minor errors in the entries made on the Official List by Rulings given in Opinion 67 and the addition to the Official Indexes of invalid generic and specific names involved in one way or another with the generic names placed on the Official List in the above Opinion. 8 Direction 26 has since been published. See Footnote 2. 222 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. First, it is necessary to take note of four errors of dating or citation which require now to be corrected. Particulars are given in Annexe 1. 3. Second, particulars are given in Section A of Annexe 2 of certain invalid generic names which under Directives issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology require now to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 4. Finally, particulars are given in Section B of Annexe 2 of certain invalid specific names which under the Directive referred to above require now to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. Of these names seven are names which were cited by the original authors as the names for type species of genera but which are invalid by reasons of being junior objective synonyms of older names. For the reasons explained in the paper submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 (paragraphs 8—9)* it is proposed to treat the senior objective synonym as the name of the type species in these cases.® The point involved is procedural only and is designed solely to promote clarity of presentation in the entries to be made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. It does not affect in any way the names now proposed to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names, for the seven specific names here concerned, being objectively invalid names, would in any case require to be placed on that Index. The names concerned are marked with an asterisk in Annexe 2 (Section B). 5. In the light of the particulars outlined above and given in full in the Annexes attached to the present paper, I recommend that, in compliance with the Directives issued to it by the International Congress of Zoology, the Commission should now render a Direction (a) correcting, in the manner recommended in Annexe 1, certain errors in entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, and (b) placing on the Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names the generic and specific names specified in Annexe 2. ANNEXE 1 Cases where, when a generic names in the Class Aves was placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology’, (a) an incorrect date was cited for the generic name, (b) incorrect particulars were given as to the selection of the type species of the genus concerned, or (c) the name of the type species was incorrectly spelled (1) ‘* Alauda ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 : The entry in Opinion 67 regarding the type species of this genus 4 The paper here referred to is reproduced in full in paragraph 2 of Direction 43 (pp. 185—200 of the present volume). 5 The proposal here referred was approved by the International Commission and has been embodied in Declaration 21 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool, Nomencl, 12 : i—viiti). DIRECTION 44 223 was “* Alauda arvensis Linn. (Tsd. Swainson, 1827)”. This may be interpreted as meaning that the type species of this genus is Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 by Swainson in some book or paper published in 1827. The attribution of the type selection for this genus to ‘‘ Swainson, 1827 ’’ was a mistake, for it was anticipated by the selection of the same species to be the type species of this genus made by Selby two years earlier, i.e. in 1825 Ul. Brit. Ornith. 1 (Landbirds) : xxix, xxxiii). This is the reference adopted for this type selection both in the A.O.U Checklist and in vol. 1 of the Handbook of British Birds (1938). (2) ‘* Fulmarus ”*’ Stephens, 1826 The type species of this genus is Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, by selection by Gray (G.R.) in 1855 (Cat. Gen. Sub-Gen. Birds Brit. Mus. : 129). This is the reference accepted by all modern authors. For some reason which can only be attributed to inadvertence the selection of the above species as the type species of this genus was attributed to “‘ Palmer, 1836” in Opinion 67. This was clearly a mistake. (When this matter was being investigated by the late Dr. James L. Peters, at my request, he reported that he was not aware of any worker named Palmer in this field prior to 1840 and that the entry in Opinion 67 must be rejected as being incorrect.) (3) ‘* Heliornis ’’ Bonnaterre, 1790 This generic name was published on pp. lxxxiv and 64 of the first part of the “‘ Ornithologie ’’ Section of the Encyclopédie methodique and the name applied by Bonnaterre to its type species—Heliornis fulicarius—was published on page 65 of the same part of the above work. The part concerned was published in 1790 and not in 1791, the date incorrectly cited in Opinion 67. (4) ‘* Manucodia ’’ Boddaert, 1783 The type species of this genus was cited by Boddaert under the new name Manucodia chalybea. The oldest available name for the taxon so named is Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781. An attempt was made in Opinion 67 to indicate this synonymy but unfortunately this specific name was there misspelled as “* chalybeata”’. In order to prevent anyone, following Sherborn, from falling into the error of concluding that the name Paradisea [sic] chalybata Forster, 1781, is invalid by reason of being a nomen nudum, it should be noted that, in citing this name Forster provided it with an “‘ indication ”’ for the purposes of Article 25, by adding the entry ‘“‘ Pl. enlum. 634”’. This is a reference to the plate so numbered in the Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux of Daubenton (E.I.), the plates (Planches enluminées) in which are stated in the title to have been prepared by Martinet under the direction of Daubenton, 224 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE 2 Proposed addition of certain objectively invalid names to the ‘‘ Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names ”’ Section A :—Proposed addition of forty-six generic names to the “‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology” 1. Aegithia Blyth, 1860, J. asiat. Soc. Bengal 29 : 254 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aegithina Vieillot, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) 2. Aix Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ. : 12 (emend. pro Aia Eyton, 1838) (a junior homonym of Aix Boie, 1828, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) 3. Alauda Daudin, 1816, Dict. Sci. nat. (Levrault) 1 : 513 (a junior homonym of Alauda Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) 4. The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings of Aptenodytes Miller, 1778, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791, Tabl. ency. méth. Orn. 1 (1823) : xxxiv (b) Aptenodites Lesson, 1837, Compl. Buffon 9 : 542 (c) Aptenodyta Gmelin, 1788, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1(1) : 242, 559 5. Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777, in Forster (G.), Voy. World 1 : 98 (a nomen nudum) 6. Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872, Verh. Russ. min. Ges. (2) 7:2 (a junior homonym of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) 7. Brotogerys Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ. : 54 (an Invalid Emendation of Brotogeris Vigors, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) 8. Capito Gistl, 1848, Nat. Thierr. : xi (nom. nov. pro Ophistomis Dejean, 1835) (a junior homonym of Capito Vieillot, 1816, placed on the Official List on Opinion 67) 9. Catharthes d’Orbigny, [1835], Voy. Amer. mérid.9:tab. 1 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cathartes IUlliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) 10. Centrocercus Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. : 18, 86 (a junior homonym of Centrocercus Swainson, 1832, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) BY. 12. 13. 14. 1d. 16. ie 18. 19. 20. et: DIRECTION 44 a5 The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Cephalopterus Geoflroy 1809, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Cephalopterus Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice : 14 (b) Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870, Trans. Edinb. geol. Soc. 1 : 298 Chauna Loew, 1847, Ent. Ztg., Stettin 8 : 370 (a junior homonym of Chauna Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. Classif. Birds 2 : 225 (a junior homonym of Chrysolophus Gray, [1833—34], placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Clamator Blyth, 1852, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. 1849 : 250 (a junior homonym of Clamator Kaup, 1829, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Coerebra Boie, 1826, Isis (Oken) 19 : 971 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Coereba Vieillot, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Coturnix Cuvier, 1800, Legons comp. Anat. 1:2 (a nomen nudum) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842, Rev. Zool. 5 : 402 (b) Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, [1852], Av. Syst. 24 : xiii Eurylaemus Gloger, [1841], Handb. Naturg. 1 (1842) : 333 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurylaimus Horsfield, 1821, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Eurypygia Swainson, 1837, Nat. Hist. Classif. Birds 2 : 359 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurypyga Illiger, 1811) Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847, Verh. nat. ver. pr. Rheinl. 4:91 (a junior homonym of Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Haliaethus Lesson, 1831, Traité Orn. (8) : 654 226 22. 23. 24. 25% 26. ZT 28. 29. 30. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Haliaetos Bonaparte, 1826, Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. N. York 2 (1828) : 24, 25 (c) Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816, Régn. Anim. 1 (1817) : 351; id., Vieillot, 1819, Nouy. Dict. Hist. nat. (ed. 2) 28 : 277 Heliornis (Dalman MS) Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billberg : 79 (a junior homonym of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Ibidorhyncha Vigors, 1832, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Ibidorhinchus David, 1875, J. trois. Voy. Chin. 1 : 307 (b) Ibidorhynchus Gray, 1844, List Birds B.M.3 : 95, 201 Musophagus Bonnaterre, 1790, Ency. méth., Orn. 1 : xcv (an Invalid Emendation of Musophaga Isert, 1789, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Numidia Forster, 1817, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds : 64) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Numida Linnaeus, 1764, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Pachycephala Klug, 1834, Jahrb. Insektenk. 1 : 4 (b) Pachycephala Doleschall, 1858, Natuurk. Tijdskr. Nederl. Ind. 17 : 115 (c) Pachycephala Lioy, 1864, Atti Ist. Veneto (3) 9 : 1343 (d) Pachycephala Broun, 1881, Man. N.Z. Col. 2 : 672 (e) Pachycephala Fairmaire, 1883, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique 27(2) : 4 Pachycephalus Stephens, 1826, in Shaw, Gen. Zool, (Aves) 13(2) : 267 (an Invalid Emendation of Pachycephala Vigors, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Parotica Wagler, 1827, Syst. Av. 1 : 99 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Parotia Vieillot, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Pezoporus Illiger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Pezoporus Klug, [1842], Abh. preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1840 : 311 (b) Pezoporus Foerster, 1868, Verh. naturh. Ver. Rheinlande = | Psittacus Catesby, 1777, Pisc.... Imagines : 29 (ajunior homonym of Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) af. a2. am. ON DIRECTION 44 22h Pteroglossus Chaudior, 1843, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 16(3) : 405 (a junior homonym of Ptreroglossus Wlliger, 1811, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings of Priloris Swainson, 1825, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67 :— (a) Ptilorhys Bonaparte, 1854, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 38 : 260 (b) Prilornis Gray (G.R.), 1869, Handlist Birds 1 : 104, 105 Strigopsis Bonaparte, 1849, Consp. Gen. Avium:8 (an Invalid Emendation of Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845, placed on the Official List in Opinion 67) Section B: Proposed addition of nine specific names to the ** Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology” . *argus Temminck, 1807 (Cat. Syst. Cab. Ornith. : 149) as published in the combination Polyplectron argus (a junior objective synonym of bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pavo bicalcaratus) . *chalybea Boddaert, 1783 (Tabl. Pl. enl. Hist. nat. Daubenton : 39), as published in the combination Manucodia chalybea (a junior objective synonym of chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata) . chalybeata Stiles, 1916 (Smithson. misc. Publ. 2409 : 181), as published in the combination Paradisea chalybeata (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata) . *communis Bonnaterre, 1791 (Ency. méth., Orn. 1: 217), as published in the combination Coturnix communis (a junior objective synonym of coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Tetrao coturnix) . *fluvialis Savigny, 1809 (Descr. Egypte 1(1) (Ois.) : 96), as pub- lished in the combination Pandion fluvialis (a junior objective synonym of haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Falco haliaetus) . formosus Latham, 1790 (Index ornith. : 103), as published in the combination Psittacus formosus (a junior primary homonym of formosus Scopoli, 1769, as published in the combination Psittacus formosus) *See paragraph 4 of the present paper. 228 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 7. *fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790 (Ency. méth., Orn. 1 : 65), as pub- lished in the combination Heliornis fulicarius (a junior objective synonym of fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the com- bination Colymbus fulica) 8. *galbula Linnaeus, 1766 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(1) : 160), as pub- lished in the combination Oriolus galbula (a junior objective synonym of oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Coracias oriolus) 9. *griseus Nilsson, 1821 (Ornith. svec. 2(1) : 29), as published in the combination Eurynorhynchus griseus (a junior objective synonym of pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Platalea pygmaea). 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the action required to settle the questions raised therein was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 994. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 : On 12th October 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)32) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed that, “‘ in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action recommended in paragraph 5 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 994, regarding names in the Class Aves submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [l.e. * See paragraph 4 of the present paper. DIRECTION 44 229 in the paragraph numbered as above in the application repro- duced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now taken as there recommended ”’ and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 12th November 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Hering ; Holthuis ; Lemche ; Vokes ; Esaki ; Boschma ; Riley; Miller; Bradley (J.C.); Sylvester-Bradley ; Prantl; Mayr; Jaczewski; Tortonese; do Amaral ; Dymond; Hemming; Bonnet; Mertens; Stoll; Cabrera; Key; Kihnelt ; Hanko ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bodenheimer ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 230 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 21st November 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(55)32, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. -7, Addition of four further names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ : On 2\st November 1955 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the following Minute directing the addition to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology of three further Erroneous Subsequent Spellings and one further Invalid Emend- ation of generic names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936 :-— Addition of four further invalid generic names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology fs MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) I have received from Professor Ernst Mayr a letter dated 26th October 1955 in which he draws attention to the fact that the three Erroneous Subsequent Spellings and the one Invalid Emendation specified below of the names of genera in the Class Aves placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 were inadvertently omitted from the list of invalid generic names which in paper Z.N.(S.) 994 submitted to the Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32 were recommended for addition to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (1) Stringops Finsch, 1867, Papageien 1 : 233, 241 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845, placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67) ; (2) Stringopsis van der Hoeven, 1855, Handb. Dierk. (ed. 2) 2 : 692 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) ; DIRECTION 44 231 (3) Strygops Des Murs, [1853], in Chenu, Ency. Hist. nat., Ois. 1: 202 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R.), 1845) ; (4) Ptilorhis Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846, Nomencl. zool. Index univ. (an Invalid Emendation of Priloris Swainson, 1825, placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 67). 2. In the light of the additional information received in this matter I, as Secretary to the International Commission, hereby direct that the names specified above be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology at the same time that the names specified in the paper referred to in paragraph 1 above are so placed. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present °° Direction ”’ : On 7th February 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)32, subject to the adjustment specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 21st November 1955, the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 7 of the present Direction. 9. Original References : The original references for the names specified in Annexe 2 to the present application which have been placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology or, as the case may be, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction are as set out in the Annexe referred to above. The original references for the four generic names placed on the Official Index by the direction given in the Secretary’s Minute of 21st November 1955 are as set out in that Minute. 10. Family-Group Names: No family-group-name problem arises in connection with any of the names dealt with in the Ruling given in the present Direction. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing PE OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty- Four (44) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DoNE in London, this Twenty-Seventh day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING —— Printed in England by MercaLFe & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON LOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., c.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.9. Pp. 233—242 DIRECTION 45 Substitution of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] for Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 85) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 ae Ps 7 i-4 & / [ —— Price Seven Shillings ZO a eed! y fa | (All rights reserved) \ NOV 20 1955 | Issued 19th October, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 45 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. ies LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.-Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) oes August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November ) Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 45 SUBSTITUTION OF “‘ PINNOTHERES ”’ BOSC, [1801—1802] FOR ‘“PINNOTHERES ” LATREILLE, [1802—1803] (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘‘ OPINION ”° 85) RULING :—(1) The incorrect entry relating to the generic name VPinnotheres Latreille made on _ the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, in which also the date [1801—1802] was erroneously attributed to the foregoing name, is hereby deleted and the following revised entry is hereby mserted in its place under the same Name Number (Name No. 352) :— Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802], Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 59, 239 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Latreille (1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arachn. Ins. : 422) : Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. fed ta) (2): = 1039). (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the NOV 7 4 1956 236 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name No. 1035: pisum Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Cancer pisum (specific name of type species of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802}). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 577 : Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] (a junior homonym of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802]). I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE; PRESENT * DIRECTION On 19th September 1955, Mr. Hemming as Secretary, submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature two papers, each dealing with a number of matters relating to entries of names of genera of the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 as regards which it appeared that action was needed in order to enable the Commission to comply with the General Directive relating to the completion of entries made on the above List in the foregoing period issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948. The first of these papers, with which was associated Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)27!, bore the Registered Number — Z.N.(S.) 985 ; the second, with which was associated Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28!, bore the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 987. During the Prescribed Voting Period for the foregoing Voting Papers information received from Commissioner L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) disclosed the existence of a previously undetected problem in relation to the generic name Pinnotheres which, attributed to Latreille and dated ‘“‘ 1801—1802”, had been placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 85. In the light of the information so received, Mr. Hemming, on 7th October 1955, - 1 The decisions taken by the International Commission on these two Voting Papers have since been embodied in Direction 36 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 1—46) and Direction 37 (1956, ibid. 1(D) : 47—82) respectively. DIRECTION 45 237 executed Minutes on the Commission’s Files Z.N.(S.) 985 and Z.N.(S.) 987 respectively withdrawing from the scope of the foregoing Voting Papers the proposals in relation to the generic name Pinnotheres Latreille submitted therewith and directing that the situation be reviewed in the light of the additional information received with a view to the submission of revised proposals to the Commission as soon as possible?. On 27th October 1955 the following paper containing revised proposals was submitted to the Commission by the Secretary :— Proposed correction of the entry on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’’ relating to the generic name ‘‘ Pinnotheres ”’ Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an error in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 85) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present paper is to call attention to an incorrect entry in relation to the generic name Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803], made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the Commission’s Opinion 85 published in 1925 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 3) : 13—18) and to submit proposals for correcting the entry so made. 2. The problem now to be considered was brought to light about a month ago by Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) by whom it was encountered incidentally when considering proposals which I had then submitted with Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 and 28 for completing the entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period. These proposals had been prepared for the purpose of placing before the Commission the material necessary to enable it to comply with the General Directives issued by the International Congress of Zoology that such additions be made to entries made on the Official List in the foregoing period as might be necessary to bring those entries into line with those made in regard to names similarly placed on the above Official List in more recent periods. On receiving Dr. Holthuis’s communication of 20th September 1955, I at once executed a Minute withdrawing the name Pinnotheres Latreille from the scope of the above Voting Papers. 2 The Minute placed by the Secretary on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 985 on 7th October 1955 has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of Direction 36 (published as Part | of the present Section (SECTION D) of the present volume (Volume 1), pp. 1—46). The corresponding Minute placed by the Secretary on Com- mission File Z.N.(S.) 987 on the same day has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of Direction 37 (published as Part 2 of the present Section, pp. 47—82). 238 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3. In Opinion 85 the name Pinnotheres Latreille was stated to have been published in “‘ 1801-2 (An X)”’ in volume 3 of the Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. in Sonnini’s Buffon. It was further stated that Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2) : 1039) was the type species of this genus. 4. In the first of the Voting Papers cited above (V.P.(O.M.)(55)27) a recommendation was submitted that the specific name pisum Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Cancer pisum, should, as the specific name of the type species of a genus (Pinnotheres Latreille), which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, now be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. 5. Nothing was said in the Ruling given in Opinion 85 as to the manner in which Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767, had become the type species of the genus Pinnotheres Latreille. In order to repair this omission, it was recommended in Annexe | to the paper? submitted with the second of the Voting Papers referred to above (Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28), that the entry “‘ type species, by monotypy’’ be inserted in the entry in the Official List relating to this generic name, reference to the work cited in Opinion 85 having shown that the above was the only nominal species cited by Latreille when in that work he established the genus Pinnotheres. Further, in Appendix 2 (para- graph 10) of the same paper® attention was drawn to the fact that, although, as stated in Opinion 85, the third volume of the Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins. bore the date “‘An X ”’ calculated in accordance with the French Revolutionary Calendar of a hundred and fifty years ago, there is evidence to show that this volume cannot have been published until some time in “‘An X1”’, ie. in the period from September 1802 to September 1803 (Hemming, 1946, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 1 : 205, nota 7). 6. In a letter dated 20th September 1955, Dr. Holthuis informed me that he had ascertained that the name Pinnotheres was first published not by Latreille but by Bosc in the latter author’s Hist. nat. Crust.1 : 59, 239, published in “‘An X”’, 1.e. in the period September 1801 to Sep- tember 1802. Bosc included in his genus Pinnotheres the nominal species Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1758, and that species was selected as the type species by Latreille himself in 1810 (Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 422). Dr. Holthuis added that Bosc attributed (: 239) the generic name Pinnotheres to Latreille who was undoubtedly the author of this name in manuscript and suggested that Bosc became aware of it through the action of Latreille who, as Bosc explained in his preface (loc. cit. 1 : 49) had given him permission to make use (‘‘... ila permis de faire usage ici ’’) of the text of the then unpublished volume 3 of Latreille’s Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. Ins., referred to by Bosc as the forthcoming ‘‘ nouvelle edition” of the Précis des 8’ The document here referred to has been reproduced in full in paragraph 1 of Direction 37 (pp. 63—78 of the present volume). DIRECTION 45 239 caracteres des géneriques [sic] des Insectes of the “‘ savant auteur... Vestimable Latreille ”’. 7. In the light of the evidence now furnished by Dr. Holthuis it is evident that the entry relating to the name Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803], must be removed from the Official List and replaced by an entry relating to the name Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802]. Fortunately, no change of type species is involved, for Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767, is the type species alike of Pinnotheres Bosc and of the later name Pinnotheres Latreille, though in the first of these cases that species is type species by selection by Latreille, 1810, while in the second case it is type species by monotypy. 8. In order to remedy the defect in Opinion 85 discovered by Dr. Holthuis, I recommend the International Commission :— (1) to delete from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the incorrect entry of the name Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802— 1803], made therein, with the incorrect date ‘* 1801—1802’’, by the Ruling given in Opinion 85 and to substitute therefor the following revised entry under the same Name Number (Name No. 352) :— Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] (gender : masculine) (type species by selection by Latreille (1810): Cancer pisum Linnaeus, 1767) (2) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—pisum Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Cancer pisum (specific name of type species of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802]) ; (3) to place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] (a junior homonym of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802]). 2. Registration of the present application :—In accordance with the directions given in the Minute placed by the Secretary on Commission File Z.N.(S.)985 on 7th October 1955, the question dealt with in the present Direction was investigated on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 1029, which was then opened for this purpose. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)37 : On 27th October 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)37) was issued in which 240 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “‘ the proposed correction of the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology regardingthe name Pinnotheres Latreille made by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, as recommended in paragraph 8 of the paper bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 1029 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ”’ [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 27th November 1955. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55) 37 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)37 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Holthuis; Bonnet; Hering; Mertens; Stoll ; Vokes; Boschma; Bodenheimer; Mayr; Esaki; Dymond ; Bradley (J.C.) ; do Amaral ; Hank6 ; Cabrera ; Jaczewski; Kiuhnelt ; Hemming; Tortonese ; Prantl ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Miller* ; Lemche ; (b) Negative Votes, one (1): Key ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. * Commissioner Miller exercised in this case the right conferred by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology in Paris, 1948, under which a Commissioner may, if he so desires, signify his willingness to support the view or the majority or of other members of the Commission (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 50— 52); DIRECTION 45 241 6. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 17th December 1955, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)37, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 17th March 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)37. 8. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802], Hist. nat. Crust. 1 : 59, 239 Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803], Hist. nat. gén. partic. Crust. dase 3 25 pisum, Cancer, Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1(2) : 1039 9. The reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] is as specified in Part (1) of the Ruling given in the present Direction. 10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 242 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty- Five (45) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Seventeenth day of March, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Metcatre & Cooper LimitTeD, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 = Issued 26th October, 1956. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.10. Pp. 243—254 DIRECTION 47 Substitution on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of a revised entry relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (revision of a Ruling given in Opinion 104) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 : Price Eight Shillings “ e a \ \iqoOsy (All rights reserved) ( i Dp Pane INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 47 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James ‘Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZESWKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottnurs (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTENESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 47 SUBSTITUTION ON THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” OF A REVISED ENTRY RELATING TO THE GENERIC NAME ‘‘ PANDALUS ”’ LEACH, 1815 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (REVISION OF A RULING GIVEN IN ** OPINION ” 104) RULING :—(1) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 is hereby deleted and the following revised entry inserted in its place :— 497 Pandalus [Leach], [1814] (gender: masculine) (type species by monotypy : Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814]). (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1039 : montagui [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Pandalus montagui (specific name of type species of Pandalus |Leach], [1814]). (3) The under-mentioned generic names, each of which is either a junior homonym of Pandalus [Leach], [1814], or a later usage of that name, are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in 246 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Zoology with the Name Numbers 730 and 731 re- spectively :— (a) Pandalus Leach, [1815], Malac. Podophth. Brit. (b) Pandalus Leach, [1815], Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 356 : annulicornis Leach, [1815], as published in the combination Pandalus annulicornis (a junior objective synonym of montagui [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Pandalus montagui, through the lectotype selection by Holthuis (L.B.) made in the note attached as an Annexe to the paper reproduced in paragraph | of the present Direction). L.. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT “DIRECTION The present Direction is concerned with the correction of an erroneous entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach there attributed to the year “1815” (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 DIRECTION 47 247 (No. 5) : 25—28). The problem involved came to light in the course of the preparations for the publication of the foregoing’ Official List in book form. It was laid before the International Commission by the Secretary in the following Report on 13th December 1955 :— Revised proposals relating to the entry on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the name ‘‘ Pandalus ’’ Leach, [1815] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (proposed correction of an erroneous Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 104) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present note is to report to the Commission certain additional information regarding the generic name Pandalus Leach, [1815], in the Order Decapoda (Class Crustacea) which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the pre- Lisbon (1935) period. In Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)27 and 281 issued on 19th September 1955, I submitted recommendations for the completion of the entry made on the Official List in regard to this name and the problem now to be considered came to light when Commissioner L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie) returned his completed copies of the above Voting Papers. Upon receipt of his communication I executed a Minute withdrawing from the scope of those Voting Papers the recommendations submitted in connection with the foregoing name, in order to allow further study of the problems involved, with a view to the submission of revised proposals to the Commission as soon as possible. 2. The name Pandalus Leach, [1815], was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 1 The decisions taken by the International Commission on Voting Papers V.P.(O.M.)(55)27 and 28 have since been embodied in Directions 36 and 37 respectively. B§imir «a fn 4IAkeSe 248 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (published in 1928). The type species of this genus was there stated to be “ annulicornis ”’, i.e. Pandalus annulicornis Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podophth. Brit. (2) : expl. pl. 40) by monotypy. The investigations carried out in this Office had shown that the name annulicornis Leach, [1815], was apparently an available name and that it was the oldest such name for the species concerned. Accordingly in the paper submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)27 it was recommended that in accordance with the General Directives issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology the foregoing name, as the name of the type species of a genus, the name of which had already been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, should in its turn be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. In the paper submitted in connection with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 attention was drawn to the fact that the name Pandalus was published twice by Leach in the year 1815, that the first of these occasions was (as noted above) in the Malac. Podophth. Brit., but that in Opinion 104 it was the second of these references (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 11(2) : 346) which was cited as the place where this name was first published. It was proposed in that paper that the reference in the Official List for the name Pandalus should be altered accordingly. 3. Ina letter dated 20th September 1955 Dr. Holthuis, after referring to the citation in the paper submitted with V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 of the reference to Leach’s publication of the name Pandalus in 1815 in his Malac. Podophth. Brit., went on as follows :— I find that Leach, 1814 (Edinburgh. Ency.'7(2) : 432) had already published the name Pandalus. The type species of Pandalus Leach, 1814, by monotypy is Pandalus montagui Leach, 1814 (ibid. 7(2) : 432). Pandalus montagui Leach, 1814, and Pandalus annulicornis Leach, 1815, are synonymous, the former being the name currently in use. 4. It was on the receipt of the foregoing letter that I withdrew the proposals relating to the name Pandalus Leach which I had submitted with the Voting Papers referred to above. At the same time I asked Dr. Holthuis to inform me whether the names montagui [Leach], [1814], and annulicornis Leach, [1815], were objective or sub- jective synonyms of one another. In his reply dated 15th October 1955 Dr. Holthuis provided the following interesting information :— (a) When in 1814 Leach published (in the Edinburgh Ency.) his description of Pandalus montagui, he stated that this species was “‘named in honour of the first discoverer, Montagu, by whom it was called [presumably in MS.] Astacus maculatus. The Rev. J. Fleming took this species in Zetland ”’. DIRECTION 47 249 (b) In his description of Pandalus annulicornis in the Malac. Podophth. Brit. published a year later (in 1815) Leach wrote as follows : “This highly interesting species was discovered in Zetland, and in St. Andrew’s Bay, Scotland, by the Rev. Dr. Fleming, who most kindly gave me the specimens I originally described in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia’. Dr. Holthuis went on to say that, so far as he was aware, no lectotype had ever been selected either for the nominal species Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814], or for the nominal species Pandalus annulicornis Leach, [1815], and that, if a specimen collected by Fleming in Zetland were to be selected as the lectotype of both species, the foregoing names would become objective (instead of only subjective) synonyms of one another. Dr.Holthuis then noted that in White’s (1850) List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum, Part IV Crustacea, the last line on page 41 contained the following entry under the name “ Pandalus Montagui. Ringed-horned Shrimp ”’: “d. Scotland, Zetland. Presented by Dr. Fleming’’. Dr. Holthuis added that this was evidently the specimen mentioned by Leach. 5. On the receipt of Dr. Holthuis’s letter I at once asked Dr. Isobel Gordon whether the specimen recorded in White’s List was still in the British Museum Collection ; at the same time I asked her views on the question whether the Zetland specimen, if still extant, could suitably be selected as the lectotype. In her reply dated Ist November 1955, after explaining that in the Museum’s dry collection there were now only three of the specimens listed by White in 1850 (: 41), of which the first two (Nos. 267a and 267c) came from Norfolk and Devon respectively and the third numbered “‘ 267d ”’ was labelled ‘* Zetland, Scotland, Dr. Fleming ’’, Dr. Gordon proceeded as follows :— Specimen 267d is a large almost complete specimen, very like Leach’s 1815 figure, Pl. XI, No. 1. In fact, it might be the figured specimen mentioned by Leach in 1814 (referring to his plate as “Pandalus A’’, since it was not yet numbered). No other Fleming specimens are extant. This 267d specimen I should certainly select as the lectotype since Leach’s figures are natural size and this specimen agrees so well with his figure ; another specimen was evidently dissected in order to provide the separate appendages illustrated as Plate XI, figs. 2—14, but of course it cannot be traced. 6. On receipt of Dr. Gordon’s letter quoted above, I communicated a copy to Dr. Holthuis who on 15th November 1955 addressed to me a letter, of which a copy is given in the Annexe to the present paper, in which he formally selected the Fleming specimen numbered “‘ 267d ” 250 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS now in the dry collection of the British Museum (Natural History) to be the lectotype (a) of Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814], and (b) of Pandalus annulicornis Leach, [1815]. 7. The foregoing action by Dr. Holthuis has been communicated by this Office to Dr. Gordon with a request that the specimen referred to above may be labelled as the lectotype of the two foregoing nominal species by selection by Dr. Holthuis, 15th November 1955, it being agreed that as soon as Dr. Holthuis’s letter containing the above lectotype selection is published by the International Trust, the relevant bibliographical reference will be communicated to Dr. Gordon, so that this also may be inscribed on the label belonging to the above specimen. 8. The action taken by Dr. Holthuis on the basis of the information kindly furnished by Dr. Gordon now makes possible the submission to the International Commission of the following revised proposal relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach, namely :— (1) that the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Pandalus Leach, 1815, made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104, be deleted therefrom and the following revised entry inserted in its place :— 497. Pandalus [Leach], [1814] (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814]) (2) that the under-mentioned name be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology : montagui [Leach], [1814], as pub- lished in the combination Pandalus montagui (specific name of type species of Pandalus [Leach], [1814]) ; (3) that the under-mentioned names, each of which is a junior homonym of Pandalus [Leach], [1814], be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology : (a) Pandalus Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podohpth. Brit. pl. 40(2)) ; (b) Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 11(2) : 346) ; (4) that the under-mentioned specific name be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology : annulicornis Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podophth. Brit. : p\. 40(2)), as published in the combination Pandalus annulicornis (a junior objective synonym of montagui [Leach], [1814], as pub- lished in the combination Pandalus montagui). DIRECTION 47 251 ANNEXE Selection of a specimen preserved in the British Museum (Natural History), London, to be the lectotype of the nominal species ‘*Pandalus montagui’’ [Leach], [1814], and ‘‘ Pandalus annulicornis ’’ Leach, [1815] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) By -. Bo HOLTHUIS (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (letter, dated 15th November 1955, to Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) Thank you for your letter of 11th November and the information concerning the genus Pandalus Leach and its type material. On the basis of the data so kindly provided by Dr. Gordon, I now select as the lectotype of both the species Pandalus montagui [Leach], [1814] (Edinb. Encycl. 7(2) : 432) and Pandalus annulicornis Leach, [1815] (Malac. Podophth. Brit. (2) : expl. pl. 40), the dry specimen labelled ‘‘ Zetland, Scotland, Dr. Fleming’’, and registered in the Crustacea collection of the British Museum (Natural History) under the number “ 267d ”’. 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s Report (paragraph 1 above) the question of the correction of the entry in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the name Pandalus Leach was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1028. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 : On 13th December 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(55)38) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or 252 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS against “‘the revised proposal in relation to the generic name Pandalus Leach, [1815] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) specified in paragraph 8 of the paper by the Secretary numbered Z.N.(S.) 1028 submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper ” [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the Report reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction]. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period would normally have closed on 13th January 1956. In view, however, of the possibility of delays in overseas mails consequent upon the abnormally heavy traffic at Christmas time, the Secretary on 13th December 1955 executed a Minute extending the Prescribed Voting Period on the above Voting Period from one calendar month to six weeks. Under this direction the Prescribed Voting Period on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 closed on 24th January 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) ; Mertens; Lemche; Hering; Prantl; Bodenheimer ; Holthuis ; Vokes ; do Amaral ; Mayr; Hanko; Key ; Esaki; Riley; Jaczewski; Boschma; Dymond ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Stoll; Cabrera ; Kihnelt ; Bonnet; Miller; Tortonese; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; DIRECTION 47 ae (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 25th January 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 2nd May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved. by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)38. 8. Original References: The following are the original references for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— annulicornis, Pandalus, Leach, [1815], Malac. Podophth. Brit. (2) : expl. 40 montagui, Pandalus, [Leach], [1814], Brewster’s Edinburgh Ency. 7(2) : 432 Pandalus Leach, [1815], Malac. Podophth. Brit. (2) : expl. pl. 40(2) Pandalus Leach, 1815 Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. 11(2) : 346 9. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is 254 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 10. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty- Seven (47) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Second day of May, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MEeTcALFE & CoopeER LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.11. Pp. 255—264 DIRECTION 48 Determination of the authorship to be attributed to the work published anonymously in the year 1798 under the title Museum Boltenianum (Direction supplementary to Opinion 96) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Issued 21st November, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 48 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JoRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso EsAkI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Unstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING) (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) eee if ae BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) resident Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th _ October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitdt, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ores F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 48 DETERMINATION OF THE AUTHORSHIP TO BE ATTRI- BUTED TO THE WORK PUBLISHED ANONYMOUSLY IN THE YEAR 1798 UNDER THE TITLE ** MUSEUM BOLTENIANUM ” (‘‘ DIRECTION ’”? SUPPLE- MENTARY TO ‘* OPINION ”’ 96) RULING :—(1) It is hereby ruled that the authorship of the work published anonymously in 1798 under the title Museum Boltenianum is to be attributed to Peter Friedrich Réding. (2) The title of the work specified in (1) above is hereby placed on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature with the Title Number 26, the entry so to be made to be endorsed as regards author- ship as prescribed in (1) above. I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 29th October 1954, Mr. Hemming, after consultation with Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) (paragraph 2 below), submitted to the International Commission DEC : + 10Re 258 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS on Zoological Nomenclature the following application in which, in order to obtain guidance as to the action to be taken when entering on the Official Lists or Official Indexes names first published in 1798 in the anonymous work Museum Boltenianum, he asked for a Ruling on the question of the authorship to be attributed to the foregoing work, this being a matter which had not been dealt with by the Commission when in Opinion 96 (1926, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 4) : 16—18) it had ruled in favour of the acceptability of names published in the foregoing work :— Proposed determination of the authorship to be attributed to the catalogue published anonymously in 1798 under the title ‘‘ Museum Boltenianum’”’ (problem supplementary to ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 96) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The active steps now being taken to prepare the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology (and also the other Official Lists and the Official Indexes) for publication in book form have brought to light inconsistencies in the treatment accorded to various books in some of the older entries on the List. Most of these present no real difficulty, but some are of a nature which, in my view, calls for a further decision by the International Commission. The present note, which is con- cerned with the authorship of the anonymously published catalogue entitled the Museum Boltenianum which appeared in 1798, is one of these cases. 2. As the title suggests, the Museum Boltenianum is a catalogue of the collection formed by J. F. Bolten. It was prepared for publication by P. F. Réding. This work contains many new names, and the question which calls for decision is whether those names should be attributed to Bolten or to Réding. 3. The question whether the Museum Boltenianum should be accepted as having been duly published for the purposes of Article 25 of the Régles was submitted to the Commission some thirty years ago by Dr. Tate Regan (British Museum (Natural History), London), and in Opinion 96 (published in 1926, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 4) : 16— DIRECTION 48 259 18) the Commission ruled in favour of the availability of this work. In that Opinion the Commission gave no indication, however, of its view as to the authorship to be attributed to this work. 4. I discussed this question with Mr. R. Winckworth (London) some years before his death, knowing that he possessed an exceptionally wide and detailed knowledge of the older literature of his subject. The view which he took was that the new names in the Museum Boltenianum were Bolten’s names, that the “‘indications”’ given for those names were provided by Réding and therefore that Réding and not Bolten should, under the Régles, be regarded as the author of the new names in this book. Not long after this discussion, Mr. Winckworth published a short note setting out the above views (Winckworth, 1945, Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 26 : 136). 5. In anticipation of making the present application, I recently applied for advice to Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London), whose work also, as I knew, brought him into contact with the Museum Boltenianum. Dr. Cox at once agreed that a decision on the authorship to be attributed to this work was overdue, and kindly undertook to write to me as soon as he had examined the literature relating to this subject. In an interesting letter dated 26th October 1954 (which is being published simultaneously with the present application)! Dr. Cox gives what I consider to be very con- vincing reasons for accepting Réding as the author, for the purposes of zoological nomenclature, of the new names in the Museum Boltenianum. 6. Bolten was undoubtedly the author of the names in question, but it appears to me to be clear from the information furnished by Mr. Winckworth and Dr. Cox that it was Réding alone who supplied the ‘‘indications’’ for these names. On this view, these names should be regarded as manuscript names of Bolten’s validated by being published with indications by Réding. As such, these names are attributable to Rdding, whose action alone gave them the status of availability under the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 259—260). 7. I accordingly recommend that Réding should be accepted as the author of the Museum Boltenianum. recommend also that the present opportunity should be taken to place the title of the above work on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomen- clature (1953, Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl. : 24, Decision 24), a step which will in any case need to be taken at some time in pursuance 1 The letter from Dr. Cox here referred to is reproduced in Baraerape 2 of the present Direction. 260 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of the General Directive issued by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that decisions taken in Opinions previously rendered be transferred to the appropriate Schedules to the Régles (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 340). 8. The proposals now submitted are therefore that the International Commission should :— (1) give a Ruling that the authorship of the work published anony- mously in 1798 under the title Museum Boltenianum be attributed to Peter Friedrich Réding ; (2) place the title of the foregoing work, with the authorship attri- buted as directed in (1) above, on the Official List of Works Approved as Available for Zoological Nomenclature (codification of Ruling given in Opinion 96). 2. Support by Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) for the acceptance of P. F. Rodding as the author of the ‘*Museum Boltenianum’’: Following oral discussions with Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, Dr. L. R. Cox (British Museum (Natural History), London) on 26th October 1954 addressed a letter to the Office of the Com- mission setting out the evidence available regarding the authorship of the work Museum Boltenianum. Dr. Cox’s letter, which is referred to by Mr. Hemming in paragraph 5 of his application, was as follows :— The position seems to be that J. F. Bolten built up a large collection which he arranged systematically in accordance with a new scheme of classification of his own, assigning to each species a binominal Latin name and a vernacular German name. There is no evidence that he contemplated any sort of publication, but we are told (p. iti. of the Museum Boltenianum) that there was a “‘ systematic catalogue of the collection which had been prepared with the greatest accuracy and care by its late possessor ”’ [translation from the Latin]. On his death it was desired to sell the collection, and P. F. Réding took the catalogue and added to each species any references to figures in earlier literature which he could trace and a reference to the name assigned to the species in the 13th (Gmelin’s) edition of Linnaeus, if it was there listed. All this is explained by RéGding in his “‘ Vorrede”’ to the Museum Boltenianum (pp. vii—viii), an English translation of which has been published by W. H. Dall (1915, Smithson. Publ. 2360 : 9). DIRECTION 48 261 R. Winckworth (1945, Proc. malac. Soc. Lond. 26 : 136) has discussed the question of the authorship of the work as follows : ‘** The names are often attributed to Bolten, as the originator. But his manuscript catalogue contained only Latin names with German vernacular equivalents. It was not until the catalogue was published ‘ revised and enlarged by the addition of synonymy by Peter Friedrich Roeding, a man devoted to natural history and especially to conchology ’, as the Abbé Lichtenstein records in the preface, that the names became available. Roeding in the introduction says: ‘On account of my love for natural history I accepted the labour and have added the Latin names according to the 13th Edition of Gmelin’s Linnean System, as well as many references to figures of the specimens. In many cases this had to be left undone because no figures were found to be satisfactory.’ It seems to me clear that the author should be cited as Réding ex Bolten MS., or more concisely as Réding. Iredale, however, takes the view that ‘ Bolten was the author of the genera and IeFo: nominator of the species ’. The practice by the earlier authors (such as Dall) who accepted the Museum Boltenianum was to attribute the generic and specific names to Bolten. Nowadays, however, almost every author known to me attributes them either to R6ding or to “‘ Réding ex Bolten MS.’’. I]. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 3. Registration of the present application: Upon receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper, the question of the authorship to be attributed to the work entitled Museum Boltenianum was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 866. 4. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion, together with Dr. Cox’s letter reproduced in paragraph 2 above, was sent to the printer on 22nd November 1954 and was published on 31st January in the following year in Part 2 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 56—S7 ; Cox, ibid. 11 : 58). 262 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 5. No objection received: The publication of the present application elicited no objection to the action proposed from any source. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)17 : On 9th November 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)17) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, *“ the proposal relating to the authorship of the catalogue entitled Museum Boltenianum and other matters set out in Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 8 on page 57 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature ’’ [i.e. in the Points numbered as above in paragraph 8 of the application reproduced in the first para- graph of the present Direction]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 9th February 1956. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis; Hering; Vokes; Bradley (J.C.); Mayr; Jaczewski ; Riley ; Dymond ; Prantl ; Sylvester-Bradley ; DIRECTION 48 263 Lemche ; Esaki; Mertens ; do Amaral ; Hanko; Key ; Boschma ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Bonnet ; Miller ; Tortonese ; Kihnelt ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Bodenheimer. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 10th February, 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in para- graph 8 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 10. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 20th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)17. 11. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 264 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 12. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty- Fight (48) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twentieth day of May, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING a oe! Printed in England by Mercatre & Cooper LimiteDp, 10-24 Scrutton St., London BC2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.12. Pp. 265—280 DIRECTION 49 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Iphis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 73) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Ten Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) Ail Issued 21st November, 1956 \ iri go fv INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 49 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorRDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HemMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CaBRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) DE: ne was (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 194 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riey (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymonp (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.¥., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANK6 (Mez6gazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y¥% U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferninand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ee eo F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 19 ) Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘* G. Doria ”’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 49 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENERIC NAME “IPHIS ” LEACH, 1817 (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘* OPINION ”’ 73) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the generic name Iphis Meigen, 1800 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera) is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The following revised entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for Name No. 160 is hereby substituted for the entry in respect of that Name Number made by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 :— Iphis Leach, 1817, as validated under the Plenary Powers under (1) above (gender: masculine) (type species, by monotypy: Cancer septemspinosus Fabricius (J.C.), 1787). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1035 :—Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Latreille (1810) : Musca ungulata Linnaeus, 1758). 268 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers 1055 and 1056 respectively :— (a) septemspinosus Fabricius (J.C.), 1787, as published in the combination Cancer septemspinosus (specific name of type species of Jphis Leach, 1817) ; (b) ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Musca ungulata (specific name of type species of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796). (5) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers 752 to 754 respectively :— (a) Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856] (a junior homonym of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) ; (b) Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) ; (c) Iphis Meigen, 1800 (as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1) above). (6) The under-mentioned family-group name is hereby placed on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name Number 98 :—DOLICHOPODIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPODES) Latreille, 1809 (type genus : Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) (first published in. correct form aS DOLICHOPODIDAE by Loew, 1862). (7) The under-mentioned family-group names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers 85 to 87 respectively :— (a) DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809 (type genus: Doli- chopus Latreille, 1796) (an Invalid Original Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE) ; DIRECTION 49 269 (b) DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819 (type genus : Doli- chopus Latreille, 1796) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE) ; (c) DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1829 (type genus : Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE). i) PAE STATEMENT OF THE: CASE On 4th December 1954, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary, submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature the following application in which he drew attention to the fact that the generic name J/phis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea Order Decapoda), which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 73, was invalid as a junior homonym of Jphis Meigen, 1800, a name not currently in use in the group concerned (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), and in which he recommended that the position of the name Iphis Leach on the Official List should be validated by the suppression of the unwanted name /phis Meigen :— Proposed suppression under the Plenary Powers of the generic name ‘* Tphis ’? Meigen, 1800, for the purpose of validating the generic name ‘‘ Iphis ’’ Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Deca- poda) (proposed correction of an error in ‘‘ Opinion ’’ 73) By FRANCIS HEMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The purpose of the present application is to seek the assistance of the International Commission in rectifying an error in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in connection with the entry thereon of the generic name Iphis Leach, 1817 (Zool. Miscell. 3 : 25) made by the Ruling given in Opinion 73 (1922, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 1) : ~23—31). The above genus is monotypical with Cancer septemspinosus Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 1 : 325) as type species. 270 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 2. The error in Opinion 73 with which the present application is concerned came to light in 1944 in the course of a preliminary survey which I then made of the entries on the Official List made in the pre-1936 Opinions. I then discovered that the name Jphis Leach, 1817, is invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of the name Jphis Meigen, 1800 (Nouy. Class. Mouches deux Ailes : 27) (Class Insecta, Order Diptera). The fact that this has passed unnoticed by workers in the Crustacea is due no doubt to the fact that the pamphlet in which the name Iphis Meigen was published was completely ignored for more than a hundred years after its publication. 3. In a case of this kind clearly the first step to be taken is to ascertain whether the older name is in use in the group concerned and therefore whether any disturbance or other inconvenience would be suffered by workers in that group if the name in question were to be suppressed by the Commission under its Plenary Powers. In the present instance I applied for advice to Dr. Alan Stone (U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.), who in a letter dated 16th February 1944 informed me :— (1) that the type species of Iphis Meigen, 1800, is Musca ungulata Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 598) by selection by Coquillet (1910, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 37 : 555) ; (2) that the nominal species Musca ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, is also the type species of the genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (Précis Caract. gén. Ins. : 159) by selection by Latreille, 1810 (Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach. Ins. : 443, 387) ; (3) that in view of (1) and (2) above, the generic name Jphis Meigen, 1800, is a junior objective synonym of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796. 4. In my view the information supplied by Dr. Stone clears the ground for the validation of the generic name /phis Leach, 1817, by the suppression under the Plenary Powers of the unwanted—because objectively invalid—name Jphis Meigen, 1800, in the Order Diptera. I accordingly recommend that this action should be taken. 5. Under the General Directive given by the International Congress of Zoology that in rendering Opinions the Commission is to cover the whole field involved, it will be necessary in any decision on the present case also to place on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, and on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the name ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Musca ungulata (specific name of type species of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796). At the same time it will be necessary to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic DIRECTION 49 271 Names in Zoology certain names which are junior homonyms of the generic names dealt with in the present application. 6. The nominal genus [phis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea) is, I am informed by Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London), currently referred to the family LEUCOSIIDAE, and in conse- quence no family-group-name question arises in this case. 7. I am indebted to Dr. John Smart (University of Cambridge, Department of Zoology, Cambridge) for information regarding the family-group names based on the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796. Samouelle (1819, Entomologist’s useful Compendium : 294) was the first author who has been traced as having used a “‘ -DAE”’ termina- tion, but he made two spelling mistakes, the name appearing in his book as DOLYCHOPODAE. Moreover, Samouelle attributed this name to Leach, without giving a bibliographical reference. Possibly, it was only used by Leach in manuscript. 8. The recommendations which I now submit are that the Inter- national Commission should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the generic name Iphis Meigen, 1800 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy ; (2) substitute the following revised entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for Name No. 160 :— Iphis Leach, 1817, Zool. Miscell. 3 : 25 (gender : masculine) (type species, by monotypy : Cancer septemspinosus Fabricius, 1787 (Mantissa Ins. 1 : 325)) ; (3) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (gender : masculine) (type species, by selection by Latreille (1810) : Musca ungulata Linnaeus, 1758) ; (4) place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) septemspinosus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the com- bination Cancer septemspinosus (specific name of type species Iphis Leach, 1817) ; (b) ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Musca ungulata (specific name of type species of Doli- chopus Latreille, 1796) ; 2/2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (5) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856], Handb. Zool. 2 : 422, 431 (a junior homonym of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) ; (b) Iphis Meigen, 1800, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1) above ; (c) the under-mentioned names which are junior homonyms of Iphis Leach, 1817 :— (i) Iphis Koch, 1835, Deutschl. Crust. (Heft 2) : Tab. 6 (ii) Iphis Laporte, 1836, Rev. Entom. 4(1) :7 (6) place the under-mentioned family-group name on the Official List of Family-Group Names in Zoology :—DOLICHOPIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPIDES) Latreille, 1807, Gen. Crust. Ins. 3 : 290! (type genus : Dolichopus Latreille, 1796). (7) place the under-mentioned family-group names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology :— (a) DoLIcHoPIDES Latreille, 1807 (type genus: Dolichopus Latreille, 1897) (an Invalid Original Spelling for DOLI- CHOPIDAE) ; (b) DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819 (type genus Dolichopus (misspelt Dolychopus by Samouelle) Latreille, 1796) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for DOLICHOPIDAE). Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the status of the generic name Iphis Leach, 1817, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 562. 3. Publication of the present application : The present application was sent to the printer on 31st December 1954 and was published on 28th February in the following year in Part 3 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 79—81). ~ On the final re-check of the references cited in the present case it was found that the reference here given for DOLICHOPIDES Latreille is incorrect, that name not having appeared until Volume 4 of the work cited, which was published in 1809. See paragraph 18 of the present Direction. ; DIRECTION 49 273 4. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised procedure pre- scribed by the Thirteenth Internationa] Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56) Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 28th February 1955 (a) in Part 3 of Volume 9 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, such Notice was given also to certain general zoological serial publications and to certain entomological serials in Europe and America. 5. Comments received : No objection to the application sub- mitted in the present case was received from any specialist in the Order Decapoda. On the subsidiary entomological issue involved communications were however received from three specialists. The first two of these were from :—(1) Dr. Alan Stone (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.), who, while agreeing that the name Jphis Meigen was not required for taxo- nomic purposes, expressed opposition on general grounds to the use by the Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing that name as proposed in the present application ; (2) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.), who rejected the arguments advanced by Dr. Stone against the present application. The communications so received are reproduced in the immediately following paragraphs. The third specialist who communicated with the Office of the Com- mission in regard to the present case was Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Entomology Research Branch, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.). Dr. Sabrosky’s communication was concerned to secure a correction in the portion of the application relating to the form to be adopted for the family-group name based on the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (paragraph 8 below), a subject which had also been raised by Professor Chester Bradley. Dr. Sabrosky did not comment on the subject matter of the present application, having already in a separate application (Z.N.(S.) 191) recommended that the work (Nouvelle Classification des Mouches a deux Ailes) in which the name Iphis Meigen was published should be rejected by the International 2T4 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Commission under its Plenary Powers (Sabrosky, 1952, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 6 : 131—141). 6. Comment received from Dr. Alan Stone (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) : In the early part of 1944 Mr. Hemming consulted Dr. Alan Stone (United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) in regard to the present case and on 16th February of that year Dr. Stone furnished a statement of his views. The statement so submitted, which was endorsed by a further letter dated 10th December 1954, was as follows (Stone, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 82) :— I am writing in reply to your letter concerning the generic name Iphis Meigen, 1800. This name is an isogenotypic synonym of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796. The bibliographical data are as follows : Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, Précis Caract. Ins. : 159. Genotype, Musca ungulata L., by designation of Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Anim. Crust. Arach, Ins. : 443 Iphis Meigen, 1800, Nouvelle classification : 27. Genotype, Musca ungulata L., by designation of Coquillett, 1910, Proc. US. nae: Mus. 37 335) To the best of my knowledge, Jphis Meigen has always been treated, when its zoological position was mentioned, as a synonym of Dolichopus. There seems to be no possibility that it will ever come into use in the Diptera, since this would require either the discovery that Dolichopus was a homonym or that the genotype of Jphis is incorrect and that the true genotype is not congeneric with Dolichopus. Neither of these contingencies seems at all probable. In spite of the fact that Jphis Meigen is invalid, although available, I should not like to see the name suppressed by the Commission. The basic principles of the International Rules are weakened every time an exception is made by official action, and I think that the Plenary Powers should be invoked only in the very few cases where the name to be saved is of extreme importance. The easiest and surest way of maintaining the prestige of the International Rules is by strict im- partiality of application, and such prestige should not be endangered because of a relatively unimportant name in Crustacea. A number of names have been accepted as unavailable because they proved to be homonyms of earlier names that are not in use. If the Commission makes an exception here it opens the gate for more and more changes of this sort, until nomenclature will not be a matter of following rules, but of attempting to weigh rather unpredictable opinion. DIRECTION 49 ZPD I might add that the Commission is going to be subject to consider- able pressure to suspend various of the Meigen 1800 names in spite _ of Opinion 28 and the recent reaffirmation of this Opinion. If the Commission intends to adhere to these Opinions, an exception made with one name, even though seemingly fostering stability, will weaken its stand. It will be far easier to adhere strictly to the Rules than to justify partial adherence. The situation then is this. As far as [phis is concerned, it affects the dipterists not at all, but does affect workers with Crustacea. In saving the name for the Crustacea, all zoology will lose, since the principles of zoological nomenclature will be weakened, and every name that has been changed in similar circumstances will be subject to uncertainty. 7. Comment received from Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) : On 2nd June 1955, Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) addressed a letter to the Office of the Commission in which he commented on a number of cases. The following is an extract which bears on the present case :— 2. Iphis. 1 fully approve of this case. I totally disagree with Stone’s concluding paragraph on page 82%. Zoology (and the prestige of the Commission) would lose a lot by removing without good cause a name from the Official List that has been there for 33 years. 8. The question of the form to be adopted for the family-group name based on the generic name ‘* Dolichopus ”’ Latreille, 1796 : Communications were received from two specialists drawing attention to the fact that the correct form for the family name based on the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, was DOLICHOPODIDAE and not DOLICHOPIDAE (as stated in the present application. The communications so received were the following :— (a) From Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (statement enclosed with a letter dated 2nd June 1955) : ** Dolichopus ’’ comes from the Greek doAryés, long, plus zoids, foot. As the genitive of ods is 7050S, the family name should be spelled DOLICHOPODIDAE and this is the form with which I am most familiar, though I have not examined literature to see how its use compares 2 The page number cited by Professor Chester Bradley is to the Part of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature containing the comment by Dr. Alan Stone repro- duced in paragraph 6 of the present Direction. 276 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS with the incorrect DOLICHOPIDAE. See Essig, 1942, College Entomology : Tb: (b) From Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky (U.S. Department of Agri- . culture, Agriculture Research Service, Entomology Re- search Branch, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) (extract from a letter dated 24th August 1955) : I note that this application proposes to place on the Official List the family name DOLICHOPIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPIDES) Latreille, and to place on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology the spellings DOLICHOPIDES Latreille (1809) and DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle (1819). I should like to make the following comments on the proposal :— (1) The correct family name should be DOLICHOPODIDAE rather than DOLICHOPIDAE (last component of the generic name Dolichopus from the Greek zrous, zod0s), There is much usage both ways, incidentally. (2) I believe it is an unwise precedent for the Commission to place variant subsequent spellings of family names on the Official Index of Rejected Names. 9. Modification of proposal submitted in Point (7) in paragraph 8 of the present application regarding the form to be adopted for the family name based on the generic name ‘‘ Dolichopus ”’ Latreille, 1796 : When on 3rd November 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, prepared the Voting Paper to be submitted to the Members of the Commission in the present case (as to which see paragraph 10 of the present Direction) he added a note (Note 3) drawing attention to the communications received from Professor J. Chester Bradley and Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky (para- graph 8 above) on the subject of the form of the family name based on the generic name Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, and recommending that the proposal on this matter be amended as follows :—‘* DOLICHOPODIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPODES) Latreille, 1809, to be placed on the Official List, Latreille’s Invalid Original Spelling to be placed on the Official Index.” Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 10. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)21 : On 9th November 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)21) was issued in which the Members DIRECTION 49 Zier of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to Iphis Meigen, 1800, and Jphis Leach, 1817, as set out in Points (1) to (7) in paragraph 8 on pages 80 and 81 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature [in the paragraph numbered as above in the application repro- duced in the first paragraph of the present Direction], subject to the amendment of Point (7) as proposed in Note 3 overleaf ”’ [i.e. amended as proposed in the Note quoted in paragraph 9 _of the present Direction]. 11. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 9th February 1956. 12. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)21 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)21 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Hering ; Vokes ; Bodenheimer ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Mayr ; Jaczewski ; Riley ; Dymond ; Prantl ; Lemche ; Esaki ; do Amaral ; Hank6o ; Key ; Boschma ; Sylvester- Bradley ; Mertens ; Cabrera ; Stoll ; Bonnet ; Tortonese ; Kuhnelt ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes, one (1): Miller ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 278 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 13. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 10th February 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(55)21, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 12 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 14. Withdrawal of two proposals on which, subsequent to the publication of the present application, action was taken by the International Commission by the Ruling given in ‘* Direction ”’ 37 : On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, after signing Direction 37, in which, inter alia, the Commission placed the generic names Jphis Koch, 1835, and Jphis Laporte, 1836, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, executed the following Minute withdrawing from the scope of Application Z.N.(S.) 562 the proposals there submitted in regard to the foregoing names :— Withdrawai of proposals relating to two junior homonyms of ‘‘ Iphis ’? Leach, 1817 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The routine proposals submitted in the present case included a recommendation (in Point (5) of paragraph 8) that the names Iphis Koch, 1835, and Jphis Laporte, 1836, as junior homonyms of Iphis Leach, 1817, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. The same proposal was later included in a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 987, which was concerned with clearing up outstanding questions relating to the names of genera belonging to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. This latter paper was submitted to the Commission under the One-Month Rule on 19th September 1955 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 and was approved by the Commission on Ist November 1955. 2. In the light of the above decision the proposals relating to the disposal of the foregoing invalid generic names submitted with Paper Z.N.(S.) 987, together with the other proposals there submitted, DIRECTION 49 279 incorporated on 29th December 1955 in the Ruling given in a Direction numbered Direction 37 (now in the press)?. 3. In these circumstances no further action requires to be taken in connection with the foregoing generic names and the proposals in regard thereto in Application Z.N.(S.) 562 are accordingly hereby withdrawn. 15. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 26th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)21, subject to the omission there- from of the two names specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 29th December 1955, the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 14 of the present Direction. 16. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the generic and specific names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, Précis Caract. gén. Ins. : 159 Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856], Handb. Zool. 2 : 422, 431 Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819, Entomologist’s useful Compendium : 294 Iphis Meigen, 1800, Nouv. Classif. Mouches deux Ailes : 27 septemspinosus, Cancer, Fabricius (J.C.), 1787, Mantissa Ins. if 2325 ungulata, Musca, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 598 17. The following is the reference for the selection of the type species for the genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :—Latreille, 1810, Consid. gén. Ordre nat. Anim. Class. Crust. Arachn. Ins. : 443, 387 3 Direction 37 has since been published on Ist September 1956 as Part D.2 of Volume 1, Section D, in the Opinions and Declarations Series. 280 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 18. The following are the references for the family-group names placed on the Official List and Official Index established for recording names for taxa belonging to that category :— DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809, Gen. Crust. Ins. 4 : 239, 290 (type genus : Dolichopus Latreille, 1796) DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819, Entomologist’s useful Com- pendium : 294 (type genus Dolichopus (misspelled Dolychopus by Samouelle) Latreille, 1796) DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1829, Syst. Cat. Brit. Ins. : 266 DOLICHOPODIDAE Loew, 1862, Smithson. misc. Coll. 6 (No. 1/2) : 32 19. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 20. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Forty- Nine (49) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Sixth day of May Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING oy os oe ee ee Printed in England by MetcaLtFE & Cooper LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.13. Pp. 281—292 DIRECTION 50 Validation under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (correction of an error in Opinion 85) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Eight Shillings a cm (All rights reserved) uae (_APR 25 1957 I) Issued 21st November, 1956 qe i INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 50 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo,Brazil) (A2th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr: ee or LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950 Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLttuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) ae August 1953) K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Tees A.C.T., Australia) (AS5th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale “‘ G. Doria,’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 50 VALIDATION UNDER THE PLENARY POWERS OF THE GENERIC NAME “HOMALASPIS” MILNE EDWARDS (A.), 1863, (CLASS CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN ** OPINION ”’ 85) RULING :—(1) Under the Plenary Powers the generic name Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy. (2) The following revised entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for the Name No. 320 is hereby substituted for the entry in respect of that Name Number made by the Ruling given in Opinion 85 :— Homalaspis Miine Edwards (A.), 1863, as validated under the Plenary Powers under (1) above (gender : feminine) (type species, by original designation : Xantho planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834). APA . « wee 284 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS . (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1036 :—Omalaspis Giraud, 1860 (gender : feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Omalaspis noricus Giraud, 1860) (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera). (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 1057 and 1058 respectively :— (a) planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Xantho planus (specific name of type species of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) ; (b) niger Hartig, 1840, as published in the combination Figites niger (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera). (5) The under-mentioned generic name is _ hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 755 :— Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1) above. I. THE STATEMENT OF THE CASE On 3rd December 1954, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature the following paper drawing attention to the fact that the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) which in 1925 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 3) : 13) was placed on the Official List of DIRECTION 50 285 Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85, was invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) and recom- mending that, as the name Homalaspis Reinhard was not in use in the Class Insecta, the entry on the Official List in relation to the name Homalaspis Milne Edwards in Crustacea shou!d be validated under the Plenary Powers :— Proposed validation, under the Plenary Powers, of the generic name ** Homalaspis ’? Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (proposed validation of an error in ** Opinion ’’ 85) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) __ The purpose of the present application is to seek the assistance of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in validating the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Ann. Sci. nat., Paris (Zool.) (4) 20 : 279) (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 85 (1925, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 3) : 13) in the erroneous belief that it was a nomenclatorially available name. 2. The present case came to light in 1944 during a preliminary survey of the pre-1936 entries on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology which I carried out at that time. That survey showed that the name Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863, was invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of the name Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Berlin. ent. Z. 4: 239), an emendation of the name Omalaspis Giraud, 1860 (Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 10 (Abh.) : 155), the name of a genus in the Order Hymenoptera (Class Insecta). 3. As a first step in the examination of the question of the action needed in the present case, I consulted Dr. R. B. Benson (British Museum (Natural History), London) for the purpose of ascertaining whether the suppression under the Plenary Powers of the name Homalaspis Reinhard for the purpose of validating the name Homalaspis Milne Edwards in the Class Crustacea would cause any disturbance or inconvenience in the nomenclature of the Hymenoptera. Dr. Benson replied on 21st April 1944 as follows :— I cannot see that any possible harm could come by suppressing Homalaspis Reinhard. 286 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Omalaspis Giraud is in use for a genus of the Cynipoid family ASPICERIDAE. ‘The three described species, all European, are rare or, at least, little known, and they rarely appear in the literature. Since Dalla-Torre & Kieffer’s (1910) Cynipidae in Das Tierreich, where “‘Omalaspis’’ was used, I am not aware that the form of the name “‘ Homalaspis”’ has ever been used. I only know of three references to “‘Omalaspis”’ (Hedicke, 1928, Bull. Soc. ent. France 1928 : 280, Weld, 1931, Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 33 : 221 and Rohwer & Fagan, 1917, “‘ The type species of the Genera of the Cynipidac.... .,.;. 75, Proce U.S. nat. Mus. 53 3357-807 and in this type list the form of the name “‘ Homalaspis”’ is not even mentioned !). I cannot see any reason therefore against suppressing Homalaspis Reinhard as no confusion is likely to arise. Even if Omalaspis Giraud is later found to be invalid for any reason, there is a second string in Lambertiona Kieffer, with a conspecific type species. 4. Dr. Benson’s letter made it quite clear that there could be no objection from the entomological side to the validation of the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863, in the Class Crustacea, and I recommend that this action should now be taken by the International Commission, in order that the defective entry of this name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology made by Opinion 85 may thereby be regularised. 5. I further recommend that in pursuance of the General Directive issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology that Rulings given in Opinions are in future to cover the whole field embraced in any given instance, the Commission should at the same time place the generic name Omalaspis Giraud, 1860, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. As regards the type species of that genus, I am informed (in Jitt., 6th December 1954) by Dr. Benson that L. H. Weld (1952, Cynipoidea (Hym.) 1905—1950, Ann Arbor, Michigan : 16) has expressed the view that the name Omalaspis noricus Giraud, 1860, is a junior synonym of Omalaspis nigra (Hartig, 1840) (=Figites niger Hartig, 1840, Z. Ent. (Germar) 2 : 202). In these circumstances, the correct course under the standard procedure will be to place the name niger Hartig, 1840, but not its junior subjective synonym noricus Giraud, 1860, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. At. the same time the Invalid Emendation Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860, will need to be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 6. No question of family-group names arises in connection with either of the generic names involved in the present application, for the Decapod genus Homalaspis Milne Edwards is, I am informed by Dr. Isobel Gordon (British Museum (Natural History), London), DIRECTION 50 287 currently referred to the family XANTHIDAE, while the Hymenoptera genus Omalaspis Giraud is currently referred to the family ASPICERIDAE. 7. The recommendation which I now submit is that the International Commission should :— (1) use its Plenary Powers for the purpose of suppressing the generic name Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy : (2) substitute the following revised entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for Name No. 320 to Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863, Ann. Sci. nat., Paris (Zool.) (4) 20 : 279 (gender : feminine) (type species, by original designation : Yantho planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Hist. nat. Crust. 1: 397): (3) place the under-mentioned generic name on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— Omalaspis Giraud, 1860, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 10(Abh.) : IS5 (gender: feminine) (type species, by monotypy : Omalaspis noricus Giraud, 1860, Ver. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 10(Abh.) : 155) (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) ; (4) place the under-mentioned specific names on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :— (a) planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Xantho planus (specific name of type species of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) ; (b) niger Hartig, 1840, as published in the combination Figites niger ; (5) place the under-mentioned generic names on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :— (a) Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1) above ; (b) Homalaspis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1895, Monogr. Pseudo- Phylliden : 18, 217 (junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863) ; é (c) Homalaspis Kiaer, 1932, Skr. Svalbard Ishavet Oslo 52: 14 (junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863). 288 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Il. THE SUBSEQUENT HISTORY OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application the question of the proposed valida- tion under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 560. 3. Publication of the present application : The present application was sent to the printer on 31st December 1954 and published on 28th February in the following year in Part 3 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 83—85). 4. Issue of Public Notices : Under the revised procedure pre- scribed by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 51—56), Public Notice of the possible use by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature of its Plenary Powers in the present case was given on 28th February 1955 (a) in Part 3 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature (the Part in which Mr. Hemming’s application was published) and (b) to the other prescribed serial publications. In addition, such Notice was given also to certain general zoological serial publications and to a number of ento- mological serials in Europe and America. 5. No objection received : Neither the publication of the present application in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature nor the issue of Public Notices in regard thereto elicited any objection to the action proposed from any source. Ill. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 6. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)22 : On 9th November, 1955 a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)22) was issued in which the Members DIRECTION 50 289 of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against, “the proposal relating to the generic name Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863, as set out in Points (1) to (5) in paragraph 7 on page 84 and the top of page 85 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature’ {i.e. in the Points numbered as above in paragraph 7 of the application reproduced in the first para- graph of the present Direction]. 7. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 9th February 1956. 8. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)22 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)22 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Hering ; Vokes ; Bodenheimer ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Mayr ; Jaczewski; Riley ; Dymond ; Prantl ; Lemche ; Esaki ; Mertens ; do Amaral ; Hanko ; Key ; Boschma ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Cabrera; Stoll; Bonnet; Miller ; Tortonese ; Kiihnelt ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 9. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 10th February 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(55)22, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 8 above and declaring that the proposal sub- 290 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 10. Withdrawal of two proposals on which, subsequent to the publication of the present application, action was taken by the International Commission by the Ruling given in ‘* Direction ’’ 37 : On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, after signing Direction 371, in which, inter alia, the Commission placed the generic names Homalaspis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1895, and Homalaspis Kiaer, 1932, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, executed the following Minute withdrawing from the scope of Application Z.N.(S.) 560 the proposals there submitted in regard to the foregoing names :— Withdrawal of proposals relating to two junior homonyms of ‘* Homalaspis ’’ Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The routine proposals submitted in the present case included a recommendation (in Point (5) of paragraph 7) that the names Homalaspis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1895, and Homalaspis Kiaer, 1932, as junior homonyms of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. The same proposal was later included in a Paper Num- bered Z.N.(S.) 987, which was concerned with clearing up outstanding questions relating to the names of genera belonging to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. This latter paper was submitted to the Commission under the One-Month Rule on 19th September 1955 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 and was approved by the Commission on Ist November 1955. 2. In the light of the above decision the proposals relating to the disposal of the foregoing invalid generic names submitted with Paper Z.N.(S.) 987, together with the other proposals there submitted, have today been incorporated in the Ruling given in a Direction numbered Direction 37. 1 Direction 37 was published on 1st September 1956 (Ops. Decls, int, Comm. zool..Nomencl. 1(D.) : 47—82). DIRECTION 50 291 3. In these circumstances no further action requires to be taken in connection with the foregoing generic names, and the proposals in regard thereto in Application Z.N.(S.) 560 are accordingly withdrawn. 11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 27th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)22, subject to the omission therefrom of the two names specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 29th December 1955, the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 10 of the present Direction. 12. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860, Berlin. ent. Z. 4 : 239 niger, Figites, Hartig, 1840, Z. Ent. (Germar) 2 : 202 Omalaspis Giraud, 1860, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 10(Abh.) : 155 planus, Xantho, Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), at nat. Crust. 1 : 397 13. Family-Group-Name Aspects : No family-group-name pro- blems arise in the present case, the genus Homalaspis Milne Edwards, 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) being currently placed in the family XANTHIDAE and the genus Omalaspis Giraud, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera) in the family ASPICERIDAE. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- 292 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty (SO) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. DONE in London, this Twenty-Seventh day of May, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by Mretcatrx & Cooper LimiTep, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.c., CBE. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.14. Pp. 293—308 DIRECTION 51 Revision of the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the name Homarus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (revision of a Ruling given in Opinion 104) LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Ten Shillings and Sixpence Issued 21st November, 1956 (All rights reserved) f ADD 9—Ve cor a) oe bw INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 51 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England). President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histoire,-Leiden, The Netherlands) (Ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Sar mace (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 194 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), oe (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (/nstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitadt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottnuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (1Sth October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) ee S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954 Professor Ernest MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954). Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo do Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”, Genova, Italy, (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 51 REVISION OF THE ENTRY ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” RELATING TO THE NAME “HOMARUS” WEBER, 1795 (CLASS ~ CRUSTACEA, ORDER DECAPODA) (REVISION OF A RULING GIVEN IN “ OPINION ”° 104) RULING :—(1) The following revised entry in regard to the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795, is hereby inserted in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in. lieu of the incomplete entry made by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 :— Homarus Weber, 1795 (gender: masculine) (type species, (1) by selection by Rathbun (1904) of Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, a nominal species object- ively identical with Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, one of the nominal species originally included in this genus by Weber, and (2) through Declarations 21 and 26: Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758). - (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1059 :—gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as pub- lished in the combination Cancer gammarus (specific name of type species of Homarus Weber, 1795) (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 756 :—Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795). TART. «2 4ncee 296 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (4) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Nos. 361 and 362 respectively :— (a) marinus Fabricius, 1775, as published in the com- bination Astacus marinus (a junior objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gammarus) ; (b) vulgaris Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Homarus yulgaris (a junior objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gam- marus). I. THE STATEMENT (OF THE CASE On 6th December 1954, Mr. Francis Hemming, Secretary, submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature two papers on different aspects of the same question, the first being concerned with the elucidation of a question of principle, the second with an individual case in which the problem had arisen in the course of the preparation of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for publication in book- form. In the first of these papers, to which was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 8781, Mr. Hemming invited the Commission to consider the adoption of a Declaration clarifying RuJe (g) in Article 30 of the Rég/es in relation to the selection of the type species for a genus in a case where the nominal species so selected, though not itself cited at the time of the establishment of the genus in question, was objectively identical with another 1 For particulars of the action taken by the International Commission on this application, see paragraph 3 of the Minute by the Secretary dated 23rd Febru- ary 1956, reproduced in paragraph 12 of the present Direction. - DIRECTION 51 297 nominal species which was so cited. The second of the two papers submitted by Mr. Hemming was concerned with the question of the determination under Article 30 of the type species of the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, a case where the situation raised in the first of the two papers submitted had arisen in practice. Mr. Hemming’s paper regarding the type species of the genus Homarus Weber was as follows :— Proposed revision of the entry on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the generic name ‘‘ Homarus ’’ Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) (proposed revision of an entry made by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Opinion ”’ 104) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The object of the present application is to ask the approval of the International Commission for a revision of the defective entry relating to the name Homarus Weber, 1795 (Nomencl. ent. Fabr. : 94) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 104 (1928, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 5) : 25—28). 2. The entry in respect of the foregoing name made on the Official List by Opinion 104 was as follows :— Homarus Fabr. in Weber, 1795a, 94, tsd. gammarus = marinus, s. vulgaris. Same as Milne Edw., 1837, HnC, 329, 333 3. The first question which calls for consideration is the method by which a type species was fixed for the nominal genus Homarus Weber, 1795. As will be seen from the foregoing extract from Opinion 104, it was there stated that this was by subsequent selection (t[ype by] s[ubsequent] d[esignation]). Weber’s little book, as is well known, was completely overlooked or ignored until Miss Mary Rathbun disinterred it and brought the names in it into use in her paper published in 1904 (Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 17 : 170) when she stated that ‘“‘ Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus)’’, [i.e Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758] was the type species of this genus. The foregoing nominal species was not included by Weber in his genus Homarus. The first nominal species cited by him as belonging to Homarus was, however, Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 413), which is objectively indentical with the nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, the name published by Fabricius being no more than a substitute name (nom. noy.) for the earlier name published by 298 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Linnaeus. In 1912, Fowler (Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Mus. 1911 : 333) selected the nominal species Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, one of the original included nominal species, to be the type species of Homarus Weber, 1795. 4. Inanapplication numbered Z.N.(S.) 878? submitted simultaneously with the present case, I have recommended the International Com- mission to adopt a Declaration under which in a case such as the present where two objectively identical nominal species are involved, the selection of either as the type species of a genus established prior to Ist January 1931 is to be accepted as a valid type selection under Rule (g) in Article 30, it being immaterial whether the nominal species so selected is that actually cited by the author of the genus or whether it is only the nominal species which is objectively identical with that species. Accordingly, I now ask that consequentially upon the grant, as I hope, of the application referred to above, the Commission should accept as a valid type selection for the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, the selection by Miss Rathbun of the nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, notwithstanding the fact that it was not this species but the objectively identical nominal species Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, which was cited by Weber as belonging to his genus Homarus. 5. At this point it is necessary to refer to the Application Z.N.(S.) 9088 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 112—113) that the Commission should render a Declaration that, where there are two or more identical nominal species (i.e. nominal species, the names of which are objective synonyms of one another), the designation, indication or selection of any one of these nominal species to be the type species of a genus is to be treated as the designation, indication or selection of whichever of the nominal species concerned has the oldest available name, irrespective of whether or not that nominal species was cited by the author of the name of the genus in question. Further, it was suggested that the decision so recommended should be illustrated as follows by the case of the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795 :—‘‘ Example: The nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, and Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, are objectively identical with one another. The second, but not the first, of these nominal species was placed by Weber in his genus Homarus in 1795. Astacus marinus Fabricius was the first of the originally included nominal species to be selected to be the type species of Homarus Weber. Since the name Cancer gammarus Linnaeus is (a) an available name and (b) a senior objective synonym of the name Astacus marinus Fabricius, the nominal species Cancer 2 See Footnote 1. 8 For particulars of the action taken by the International Commission on this application, see paragraph 3 of the Minute by the Secretary dated 23rd Febru- ary 1956 reproduced in paragraph 12 of the present Direction. DIRECTION 51 299 gammarus Linnaeus is to be treated as the type species of the genus Homarus Weber.”’ If, as I hope, the foregoing proposals are adopted by the Commission, the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, will take, as its type species, Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, and not, as otherwise would be the case, Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775 (which, as explained above, is an identical nominal species but one possessing a later and therefore invalid name). 6. The last point to which attention must be drawn is the cryptic reference to Milne Edwards (1837) in the entry regarding the generic name Homarus Weber made in Opinion 104. In the passage in question Milne Edwards adopted a nominal genus Homarus to which he referred a nominal species Homarus vulgaris Milne Edwards, 1837 (: 334), which, like Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, is objectively identical with Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758. Milne Edwards made no reference whatever to Weber and clearly regarded himself as the author of the generic name Homarus as then used in his book. Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (in Roret’s Suite a Buffon, Hist. nat. Crust. 2 : 333) must therefore be regarded as an independently established nominal genus. As such, its name (Homarus Milne Edwards) is invalid by reason of being a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795. 7. In order to bring the entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795, into a form suitable for inclusion in that List when published in book form and in order also to dispose of certain other minor matters outstanding in the present case, I ask the International Commission to take the following action, namely :— (1) to substitute the following revised entry for Name No. 494 on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for the incomplete entry made under the Ruling given in Opinion 104 :— Homarus Weber, 1795, Nomencl. ent. Fabr.:94 (gender : masculine) (type species by selection by Rathbun (1904, Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 17:170) of Cancer gammarus Einnaeps, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631), a nominal species objectively identical with Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, one of the nominal species originally included in this genus by Weber : Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758 (under the decision taken on Application Z.N.(S.) 908). Note :—The above proposal has been drafted on the assumption that approval will be given by the Com- mission to the proposal for the adoption of the Declarations recommended in Applications Z.N.(S.) 878 and Z.N.(S.) 908. Ifthe first of these proposals were not to be approved, - the reference to the selection of the type species by Rathbun 300 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (1904) would need to be replaced by the words ‘‘ by selection by Fowler, 1912, Ann. Rep. New Jersey State Mus. 1911 : 333”. If the second of these proposals were not to be adopted, it would be necessary to cite the type species as Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, instead of as Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758. (2) to place the under-mentioned specific name on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gammarus (the specific name of the type species of Homarus Weber, 1795) ; Note :—See Note to Proposal (1) above. If the Application Numbered Z.N.(S.) 908 were to be rejected by the Commission, the words in brackets at the end of Proposal (2) would cease to be applicable. (3) to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the under-mentioned generic names, each of which is a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795 :— (a) Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ; . (b) Homarus Broun, 1881, Manual N. Zealand Coleopt. (1)(2) : 740. (4) to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the under-mentioned specific names, each of which is a junior objective synonym of the name gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gammarus :— (a) marinus Fabricius, 1775, as published in the combination Astacus marinus ; (b) vulgaris Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Homarus vulgaris. Il. - THE SUBSEQUENT. HISTORY “OF THE CASE 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s application, the question of the method by which DIRECTION 51 301 the type species of the genus Homavus Weber, 1795, had been determined under Article 30 of the Régles was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 879. 3. Receipt of an application for a ‘* Declaration ’’ as to the nominal species to be accepted as the type species of a genus in the case where that nominal species is one of two or more identical species : Prior to the publication of the present application Mr. Hemming submitted to the Commission a proposal for the adoption of a further Declaration on a question allied to that raised in Application Z.N.(S.) 878 referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Direction. In this second application, to which was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 908, Mr. Hemming asked that, where one of two or more objectively identical nominal species is designated, indicated or selected as the type species of a genus, that genus should be cited as having as its type species the oldest established of the nominal species con- cerned. 4. Publication of the present application : The present applica- tion was sent to the printer on 3lst December 1954 and was published in Part 4 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature on 28th February 1955 (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 114—116). 5. No objection received: The publication of the present application and of the associated requests for the adoption of Declarations on the questions of principle involved elicited no objection of the action proposed from any source. 6. Note on procedure prepared in anticipation of the submission of the present application to the Commission for decision : On 4th November 1955, Mr. Hemming prepared for the consideration of the Commission the following note drawing attention to the fact that the form of the decision asked for would depend upon whether the Commission decided in favour of the adoption of the 302 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Declarations asked for respectively in Application Z.N.(S.) 878 (paragraph | above) and Z.N.(S.) 908 (paragraph 3 above). The note so in question, which was as foJlows, was annexed as Note 4 to the Voting Paper then prepared for submission to the Com- mission (paragraph 7 below) :— 4. Procedural proposals : The proposal now submitted is that which has been prepared on the assumption that the Declarations recommended in Z.N.(S.) 878 (Voting Paper V.P.(55)23) and in Z.N.(S.) 908 (Voting Paper V.P.(55)30) are adopted by the Commission. The notes given in the last paragraph of the present application show the modifications in the present proposal which would follow automatically if the Commission were to decide against either or both of the suggested Declarations referred to above. III. THE-DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE © 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 : On 22nd November 1955, a Voting Paper (V.P.(55)31) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either for, or against “the proposal relating to the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795, as set out in Points (1) to (4) in paragraph 7 on page 116 of Volume 11 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, subject to the alternatives on certain points of detail specified in the Notes to Points (1) and (2) referred to above, the adoption of these alternatives to depend on the decision reached by the Commission on Voting Papers V.P.(55)23 and V.P.(55)30 respectively, as explained in Note 4 overleaf”’ [i.e. in the Note numbered as above quoted in paragraph 6 of the present Direction]. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the Three-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 22nd February 1956. DIRECTION 5l 303 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- five (25) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Hering; Riley; Vokes; Mayr; Jaczewski ; Lemche ; Prantl; Dymond; Esaki; Bodenheimer ; Mertens; do Amaral; Key; Boschma; Sylvester- Bradicy; Cabrera ;. Bonnet; Miller; Tortonese; Kiuhnelt ; Bradley (J.C.) ; Stoll ; Hanko ; Hemming ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) Voting Papers not returned : None. 10. Declaration of Result of Vote : On 23rd February 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal sub- mitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. Withdrawal of the proposal submitted in relation to the generic name ‘‘ Homarus ”’ Broun, 1881, on which, subsequent to the publication of the present application, action was taken by the International Commission by the Ruling given in ‘‘ Direction *’ 37 : On 29th December 1955, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, after signing 304 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Direction 37, in which, inter alia, the Commission placed the generic name Homarus Broun, 1881, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, executed the following Minute withdrawing from the scope of Application Z.N.(S.) 879 the proposal there submitted in regard to the fore- going name :— Withdrawal of the proposal relating to the generic name ‘* Homarus ’’ Broun, 1881, a junior homonym of ‘* Homarus ’> Weber, 1795 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The routine proposals submitted in the present case included a recommendation (in Point (3) of paragraph 7) that the name Homarus Broun, 1881, a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795, should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. The same proposal was later included in a Paper Num- bered Z.N.(S.) 987, which was concerned with clearing up outstanding questions relating to the names of genera belonging to the Order Decapoda of the Class Crustacea placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. This latter paper was submitted to the Commission under the One-Month Rule on 19th September 1955 with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)28 and was approved by the Commission on Ist November 1955. 2. In the light of the above decision the proposal relating to the disposal of the invalid name Homarus Broun, 1881, submitted with Paper Z.N.(S.) 987, together with the other proposals there submitted, has today been incorporated in the Ruling given in a Direction numbered Direction 37. 3. In these circumstances no further action requires to be taken in connection with the name Homarus Broun, and the proposal in regard thereto in Application Z.N.(S.) 879 is accordingly withdrawn. 12. Minute relative to the form of the Ruling to be given in the present case executed by the Secretary on 23rd February 1956 : On 23rd February 1956, Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the following Minute containing directions as to the form of the DIRECTION 5] 305 Ruling to be given in the Direction embodying the decision of the Commission in the present case :— Form of the Ruling to be given in the ‘‘ Direction’? embodying the decision by the International Commission in relation to the generic name ‘‘ Homarus ’’ Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda) MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) Now that by its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 the International Commission has approved the proposals in relation to the generic name Homarus Weber, 1795, submitted in Application Z.N.(S.) 879 (1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 114—116), it is necessary to give consideration to the question of the alternative forms of decision indicated in the Notes attached to Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 7 of the foregoing application to which attention was drawn in Note 4 submitted with the Voting Paper referred to above. 2. It will be recalled that, as pointed out in the foregoing Notes, the form of the decision to be recorded in the present case depends on the action taken by the Commission on two proposals then before it for the adoption of Declarations on questions of principle involved in this case. The proposals in question were the following :— (a) Application Z.N.(S.) 878 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 86—89) In this application the Commission was asked to render a Declaration that, where there are two or more objectively identical nominal species, the designation, indication or selection of any of those species is to be accepted as conforming with the requirements of Article 30 of the Régles, irrespective of whether the nominal species concerned was cited by the original author when publishing the generic name in question. The decision to be taken on this application affects the decision to be taken in the case of Homarus Weber, for the first type selection for this genus (made by Rathbun in 1904) was that of Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, a nominal species which was not cited by Weber but which is objectively identical with Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, a nominal species which was cited by Weber. Under the rules hitherto obtaining Miss Rathbun’s type selection for this genus would be invalid but under the proposed Declaration it would be valid. 306 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (b) Application Z.N.(S.) 908 (Bull. zool. Nomencl. 11 : 112—113) In this application the Commission was asked to render a Declaration that, where one of two or more objectively identical nominal species is designated, indicated or selected as the type species of a genus, that genus shall be cited as having as its type species the oldest established of the nominal species concerned. This Declaration would affect the present case for under it the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, would have as its type species the nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, whereas under the rules hitherto obtaining it would be necessary to cite as the type species of this genus the nominal species Astacus marinus Fabricius, 1775, which is objectively identical with, but possesses a later name than, the nominal species Cancer gammarus Linnaeus, 1758. 3. Both the foregoing applications have now been the subject of a vote by the Commission ; Application Z.N.(S.) 878 on Voting Paper V.P.(55)23 ; Application Z.N.(S.) 908 on Voting Paper V.P.(55)30. In each case the proposal submitted was approved by the Commission. The decision on Z.N.(S.) 878 has now been embodied in Declaration 25! ; that on Z.N.(S.) 908 in Declaration 21°. 4. By the decisions so taken the alternatives conditionally submitted in the Notes to Points (1) and (2) in paragraph 7 of Application Z.N.(S.) 879 cease to be applicable and accordingly the decision taken by the Commission on the foregoing application by its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31 is to be interpreted as though those alternatives had not been put forward. 13. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 29th May 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposa] approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)31, subject (1) to the withdrawal from the scope of the foregoing vote of the proposal relating to the name Homarus Broun, 1881, as directed in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 29th December 1955 and (ii) to the clarification in the Minute executed by that Officer on 23rd February 1956 of the situation regarding certain alternative * Declaration 25 was published on 14th August 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 13 : xxvii-xxxvi). 5 Declaration 21 was published on 19th June 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i-viii). DIRECTION 51 307 proposals submitted with the above Voting Paper on matters depending upon the decision to be taken by the Commission when voting on Voting Paper V.P.(55)23 and Voting Paper V.P.(55)30 respectively. The Minutes referred to above have been reproduced in paragraphs 11 and 12 respectively of the present Direction. 14. Original References : The following are the original refer- ences for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— gammarus, Cancer, Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 631 Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (Roret’s Suite a Buffon) Hist. mar crust. 2 : 333 marinus, Astacus, Fabricius (J.C.), 1775, Syst. Ent. : 415 vulgaris, Homarus, Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (Roret’s Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Crust. 2 : 334 15. The following is the reference for the selection of a type species for the genus Homarus Weber, 1795, specified in the Ruling given in the present Direction :—Rathbun (M.), 1904, Proc biol. Soc. Wash. 17 : 170. 16. Family-group-name problems : As in the case of previous Directions containing amplifications or corrections of entries made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the period up to the end of 1936, it has been decided that the question of the family-group names involved in the present case be deferred until it is possible to deal comprehensively with all the family-group-name problems involved in connection with the names of genera of the group concerned placed on the Official List in the foregoing period. 17. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing 308 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 18. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty- One (51) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Ninth day of May, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MetcatFe & Cooper LIMITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 ——<—— OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, cM.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.15. Pp. 309—318 DIRECTION 52 Determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic names Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Six Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) { AP i? 2G Issued 5th December, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 52 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England). President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. tare Tails (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEwSKI (Jnstitute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DYMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HoLtuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (ASth October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) tas Ne . S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 195 Professor Ernest MAyR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘ G. Doria”’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 532 DETERMINATION OF THE GENDER TO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE GENERIC NAMES ‘°* CRYPTOBRANCHUS ”’ LEUCKART, 1821 (CLASS AMPHIBIA) AND ** EFREMIAS ”? WIEGMANN, 1834 (CLASS REPTILIA) PLACED ON THE “* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” BY THE RULING GIVEN IN ‘** OPINION ” 92 RULING :—(1) The gender to be attributed to the generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 is hereby determined as being the masculine gender. (2) The gender to be attributed to the generic name Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) placed on the foregoing Official List by the Ruling given in the Opinion specified in (1) above is hereby determined as being the feminine gender. Pave, oUbIECE MATTER OF THE.PRESENT DIRECTION’ * On 23rd January 1956, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary, submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature the following paper containing proposals for the determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic names Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and Eremias JAN - 8 1957 Sy OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia), both of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology :— Proposed determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic names ‘‘ Cryptobranchus ’’ Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and ‘‘ Eremias ’? Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The Commission will recall that on 4th May 1955, in a paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 939, I submitted proposals for the determination of the gender to be assigned to the names of certain genera of fishes, cyclostomes, reptiles and amphibia which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions adopted in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period. In that paper I explained that the gender properly attributable to the name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) were still under investigation and that proposals on this subject would be submitted as soon as the investigations then in hand had been completed (see Direction 30, published on 16th November 1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 287—298). In the present paper the result of the foregoing investigations is sub- mitted to the Commission for consideration. (a) ‘* Cryptobranchus ”’ Leuckart, 1821 2. In the Report on the gender attributable to each of the names placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, initially obtained by the International Trust from Mr. F. J. Lelievre (at that time on the Classical Languages staff of Bedford College, London University) the masculine gender was assigned to the generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821. The Copenhagen Rules contain no special provision as to the gender of nouns having a “*-branchus ”’ ending and for this reason and because of the “‘ -us ’® termination the masculine gender was suggested when this case was referred to Dr. W. I. Follett (Chairman of the Committee on Nomenclature of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpeto- logists) for advice. Dr. Follett replied on 15th February 1955 giving his reasons for regarding this name as being of the neuter gender, but adding that usage had been predominantly masculine (see Docu- ment (1) in Annexe A to the present paper). It was thereupon decided to seek the views (i) of Professor the Rev. L. W. Grensted, Consulting Classical Adviser to the Commission and (ii) of Commissioner Robert DIRECTION 52 313 Mertens (Frankfurt a.M.). Each of these authorities replied that the acceptance of the masculine gender for this name was to be preferred on grounds both of grammar and usage. The letters received from Professor Grensted and Commissioner Mertens are reproduced as Documents (2) and (3) respectively in Annexe A to the present paper. Since the receipt of the foregoing correspondence a letter dated 9th December 1955 has been received from Dr. Follett reporting, as Chairman, that the Committee on Nomenclature of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists as at present constituted ‘has voted unanimously in favour of treating as masculine every generic name having the final term -branchus obviously derived from the corresponding Greek word’. In the same letter Dr. Follett furnished extracts from letters received from the three members of the Committee, whose views had not previously been reported to the Commission, namely :—(a) Dr. Robert Rush Miller (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), who considers that the action proposed is the ‘* wisest course’ ; (b) Dr. Jay M. Savage (Pomona College, Claremont, California), who states that he is in ‘‘ whole-hearted agreement ”’ ; (c) Mr. Norman J. Wilimovsky (Stanford University, California), who states that he ‘‘ will vote in favor ”’ of the action recommended. 3. In the light of the advice received the Commission is recom- mended to give a Ruling that the masculine gender be attributed to the generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, in the entry relating thereto made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92. (b) ‘‘ Eremias ’’ Wiegmann, 1834 4. The gender attributed to the generic name Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, in Mr. Lelievre’s Report was the masculine gender. When, however, I consulted Mr. Follett, he replied that there had been an extensive usage of the feminine gender for this name. Professor Grensted and Commissioner Mertens were thereupon consulted in this case also. Both took the view this was a word of common gender which could be treated equally correctly either as masculine or feminine. Both recommended that usage should be followed in this case and therefore that the feminine gender should be adopted for this name. The letters so received are reproduced as Documents (1) and (2) respectively in Annexe B to the present paper. 5. It is accordingly recommended that the Commission give a Ruling that the feminine gender be attributed to the generic name Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, in the entry relating thereto made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92. 6. Summary : The recommendation now submitted is therefore that the gender to be attributed to the under-mentioned generic names 314 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 be the following :—(a) Masculine gender : Crypto- branchus Leuckart, 1821 (paragraph 3) ; (b) Feminine gender : Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (paragraph 5). ANNEXE A The gender of the generic name ‘‘ Cryptobranchus ”’ Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia) Document (1) Extract from a letter dated \5th February 1955, from W. I. Follett (California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.) I am disposed to regard the generic name Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, as of neuter gender for the following reasons : 1. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, Vol. 2, 1906, page 1380, states the derivation of Cryptobranchus as *“‘ NL., Gr. kpumros, hidden, + Bpayyxos, in pl. equiv. to Bpayxia« gills ”’. 2. Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Vol. 1, 1940 (1948 reprint), page 327, gives [line 14] Bpayy - .. . [line 19] -vov, ra, fin... . IL. inypl., gills of fishes . . . [line 29] IL. Bpayyos; ro, in ply Bpayx.a, Opp. H. 1. 160 ; but Bpayyxos, 6, in Ptol. Alm. 8. 1. 3. While the last half-dozen words in the preceding line apparently represent an exceptional masculine usage, an older edition of this work (Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Based on the German Work of Francis Passow, 1852, page 276), definitely stated that Bpayxos is neuter, thus: Ppdyxos, -e0s, tO=Bpdyxix, Opp. (akin to 6 Bpayyos). 4. Roland Wilbur Brown, ‘“‘ Composition of Scientific Words ” 1954, page 329 (under “ fin ’’) stated, ‘* Gr. branchos, n. fin, gill... ,” and on page 367 (under gill”), “Gr branchos neti eee On page 6, ““n”’ is stated to be the abbreviation for “‘ neuter ”’. I must add that in the event the foregoing views should be found to be correct, this fact must assuredly cause no sense of embarrassment on the part of the exceedingly capable teacher of classical languages who services you have employed on this project, since another word Bpayxos (meaning ‘“‘ hoarseness ’’) is in fact masculine, as indicated by Liddell and Scott, 1940, page 327, and it would obviously be a DIRECTION 52 315 matter of mere conjecture for a non-zoologist to determine which of these two Greek words, of identical spelling, was intended by the author of the generic name. Document (2) Extract from a letter dated 12th July 1955, from L. W. Grensted (Consulting Classical Adviser to the Commission) Cryptobranchus : Here Dr. Follett has given all the evidence. The situation is curious. As the new Liddell and Scott Lexicon shows, the word Bpayxos only occurs twice, in two late writers, Oppianus and Ptolemaeus—in not over-reliable texts—and one, Oppianus, makes it neuter and one, Ptolemaeus, makes it masculine. I can see no reason for preferring Oppianus, except that parts of the body ending in -os are, in Greek, sometimes neuter and sometimes feminine. The evidence of Ptolemaeus undercuts the opinion of R. W. Brown, cited by Dr. Follett. So far as Classical evidence goes, as attested by the latest and best Greek Lexicon, -branchus may be either masculine or neuter. I think the Commission should give a decision based on current usage, citing the above evidence, which leaves the matter completely open. Oppianus and Ptolemaeus are approximately contemporaries— late second century (or very early third) A.D. Neither has any precedence. Document (3) Extract from a letter dated 13th July 1955, from Robert Mertens (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) Cryptobranchus is derived from the Greek word Bpdyxos. Since Bpayxos is masculine and Cryptobranchus is a latinised masculine form of it, I would regard Cryptobranchus as masculine, as it has hitherto universally been regarded. ANNEXE B The gender of the generic name ‘‘ Eremias ’? Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia) Document (1) Extract from a letter dated 12th July 1955, from L. W. Grensted (Consulting Classical Adviser to the Commission) Eremias : This is coined on the model of Latin adjectival nouns, based on the Greek. It could be masculine or feminine according to its reference. Thus Pelias (a daughter of Pelias, masc.) is feminine. 316 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Pelias (a spear with a shaft from Pelion) is feminine, because hasta, a spear, is feminine. Eremias means a desert-dweller (not classical) coined from eremia (é€pynui«), desert. It would take its gender from the type of animal involved, serpens is m. of f., draco m., scorpio m., etc. etc. Again I think it is open to the Commission to decide by usage. There is, of course, a masculine presumption unless there is some feminine flavour in the animal intended. Document (2) Extract from a letter dated 13th July 1955, from Robert Mertens (Forschungs-Institut und Natur-Museum, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) Eremias means “living in solitude’? and is of Greek origin. According to our philologist colleagues Eremias can be used as masculine or feminine, but since it has hitherto been regarded as feminine I am in favour of this view being retained in future. 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s Report the question of the determination of the gender to be attributed to the generic names Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1021. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1 : On 23rd January 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)1) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked to state (1) whether he agreed that, “in conformity with the General Directive relating to the recording in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the gender of each name placed thereon prior to 1948, issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth Jnter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the genders severally specified in paragraph 6 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1021 submitted by the Secretary simultaneously DIRECTION 52 317 with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the Report reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be entered in the foregoing Official List as the gender attributable to the generic names Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, and Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, respectively ”’, and (2), if he did not agree as regards either of the items included in the recommendations specified above, to indicate that item. 4. The Prescribed Voting Period: As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 23rd February 1956. 5. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Riley ; Boschma; Holthuis; Hering; Bodenheimer (Cryptobranchus only) ; Mayr ; Vokes ; Sylvester-Bradley ; Mertens ; Jaczewski; Kihnelt ; Key; Bradley (J.C.) ; Stoll; do Amaral; Dymond; Lemche; Hanko; Tortonese ; Hemming; Prantl; Bonnet; Cabrera; Miller ; (b) Negative Votes, one (1) (in part) : Bodenheimer (Eremias only) ; (c) Voting Papers not returned, one (1) : Esaki. 6. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 28th February 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, 318 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 5 above and declaring that the proposal submitted in the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 7. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 12th June 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)1. 8. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 9. The present Direction shail be known as Direction Fifty- Two (52) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twelfth day of June Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MercatFe & CooPEeR LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.16. Pp. 319—336 DIRECTION 55 Insertion in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of an entry relating to the generic name Grus Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves) (correction of an error in the Ruling given in Opinion 103) | LONDON: Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Twelve Shillings (All rights reserved) Reed 20h December,1956. 42 2«@€ + «#8 | SEAM =al INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON > ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 55 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August i953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMcHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) aes Js oa BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) resident Professor Harold E. Vokes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANK6 (Mezdégazdasagi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hoituuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) aa F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale, ‘*‘ G. Doria,’’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 55 INSERTION IN THE “OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY” OF AN ENTRY RELATING TO THE GENERIC NAME “ GRUS ” BRISSON, 1760 (CLASS AVES) (CORRECTION OF AN ERROR IN THE RULING GIVEN IN “ OPINION” 103) RULING :—(1) The entry relating to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic], made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 103 is hereby deleted as being incorrect and the following revised entry bearing the same Name Number (Name No. 474) is hereby made in its place :— Grus Brisson, 1760 (gender: feminine) (type species, by absolute tautonymy : Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758) (2) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 1062 :—grus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ardea grus (specific name of type species of Grus Brisson, 1760). (3) The under-mentioned generic name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name No. 764 :—Grus Pallas, 1766 (a junior homonym of Grus Brisson, 1760). (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name No. 364 :— psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia (a junior objective synonym of crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psophia crepitans). JAN - 8 1957 B22 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS I. THE SUBJECT MATTER: OF THE PRESENT “DIRECTION ” On 19th December 1955, Mr. Francis Hemming, as Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, communicated to twenty ornithologists in various countries a note regarding certain errors which had been detected in the Ruling in regard to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic] (Class Aves) given in Opinion 103. In the letter covering this communication Mr. Hemming invited the specialists concerned to advise the Commission as to which of two alternative courses of action they would advise it to take for the purpose of regularis- ing the position as regards the foregoing generic name. The alternatives so submitted, which were set out in paragraph 8 of the paper distributed by Mr. Hemming, were as follows :— 8. From the particulars given above there are, it will be seen, two ways by which to secure that the nominal species Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, shall be the type species of the genus Grus, though under neither of these could that name be attributed to Pallas, 1767, the attribution given in Opinion 103. The possible alternatives are :— (a) to apply the ordinary provisions of the Régles and in consequence to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy ; (b) to use the Plenary Powers (i) to suppress the name Grus Brisson, 1760, and (ii) to designate Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, to be type species of Grus Pallas, 1766, thus retaining the attribution of this name to Pallas, the author cited in Opinion 103, though with a different date and with a reference to a different work. 2. Registration of the present application : At the time of the discovery by Mr. Hemming of the defects in the ruling relating to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic] given in Opinion 103 the question of the action to be taken to remedy the errors so uncovered was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 558. 3. Summary of the replies received from specialists to the questionnaire issued in December 1955: Replies were received from fourteen (14) of the twenty-four (24) specialists to whom the questionnaire referred to in paragraph 1 above was issued in December 1955. Of the specialists who furnished statements of DIRECTION 55 323 their views eleven (11) expressed themselves as being in favour of Alternative ‘““A’’ (adoption of the generic name Grus as from Brisson, 1760, the author by whom it had been first published) and three (3) as being in favour of Alternative “* B” (use of the Plenary Powers to retain as from 1766 the authorship of the name Grus for Pallas, the author to whom it had been credited in Opinion 103). Ten (10) of the specialists consulted did not reply to the questionnaire issued. 4. Replies from the eleven specialists who favoured the acceptance of the generic name ‘* Grus ”’ as from Brisson, 1760 (Alternative **A’’): The replies received from the eleven specialists who favouted the acceptance of the generic name Grus as from Brisson, 1760 (Alternative “‘A’’) were as follows :— (1) Richard Meinertzhagen (London) (21st December 1955) I prefer your course “‘A’”’ accepting the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linneaus, 1758, as type species. (2) W. B. Alexander (Swanage, England: formerly of the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford, England) (2\st December 1955) My opinion is that the best procedure would be to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus as type. (3) Noél Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris) (22nd December 1955) | Les noms de genre de Brisson étant valides, Grus Brisson, 1760, préoccupe Grus Pallas, 1766. En conséquence le nom générique des grues doit étre Grus Brisson, 1760. Type pas tautonymie absolue Ardea grus Linné, 1758, d’apres *“La Grue” Brisson et la premiére référence donnée par Brisson : Grus linné Syst. Nat. ed. 10. gen. 76. sp. 4 et la planche coloriée n° 199 de Martinet (Atlas des planches coloriées de Brisson). C’est donc Valternative “‘A”’ qui doit étre adoptée. Elle a l’avantage (a) de respecter strictement la loi de priorité et (b) de respecter le logique car Grus Brisson désigne sans conteste possible les Grues (Cranes) sensu stricto, tandis que Grus Pallas s’applique 4 un oiseau qui ne fait pas partie de ce genre. If faudrait donc outrepasser l’idée de Pallas pour appliquer Grus aux Grues (Cranes) sensu stricto chose $24 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS bien inutile quand on a le genre Grus Brisson, antérieur, qui s’applique parfaitement bien. (4) Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California) (27th December 1955) The main point is to preserve the generic name Grus and it seems to me that the first proposition (accepting the name Grus Brisson, 1760) is the simplest. However, I would agree to suppress Grus Brisson and to support Grus Pallas, 1766, if it was the opinion of the majority. (5) Helmuth Wagner (Ubersee-Museum, Bremen, Germany) (31st December 1955) Having considered the question with other members of our staff we conclude that the point would be whether the regulation adopted in Opinion 103 is to be regarded as a definite settling of the status of the generic name Grus or not. Since we realize from your letter that Opinions are liable to corrections if evidence is given of their being apparently based on incomplete information we would tend to prefer a way similar to that you mention under “‘A”’ in your note. If the names of Brisson are to be regarded as available there seems to be no reason to discuss further the status of Grus Pallas as relevant to the establishing of that genus. The exact date of Grus Pallas and its type species has, however, to be determined too. The two alternatives seem to be :— (a) to adopt Grus Pallas, 1766, in correction of Grus Pallas, 1767, and to suppress Grus Brisson, 1760, which name has the unquestionable rank of priority, or (b) to consider Grus as being established by Brisson in 1760 in accordance with both the Law of Priority and the decision of 1950 as to the status of Brisson’s names, and to place Grus Pallas into synonymy, while correcting the date of that name as necessary. As (a) would involve the suppression of a name otherwise valid but (b) would account for the Law of Priority and do no harm but placing Grus Pallas into synonymy, we would, other things being equal, suggest following the course as outlined by you under “A”’ provided that the date of Grus Pallas is corrected which would be necessary for either way to be adopted, i.e. a course as outlined above under (b). (6) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) (2nd January 1956) I am of the opinion that alternative “‘A” is the most logical and correct one. Thus I vote: to apply the ordinary provisions of the DIRECTION 55 325 Régles and in consequence to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy. (7) Finn Salomonsen (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Kobenhayn) (6th January 1956) I am in agreement with the first alternative, i.e. to accept Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy. This solution has the following advantages :— (a) the ordinary provisions of the Régles can be applied ; (b) Brisson’s Grus has priority over Pallas’s Grus ; (c) Brisson’s Grus is undoubtedly a designation for the Cranes, while Pallas’s Grus contained other, non-related birds, and the accept- ance of his name might give rise to unnecessary discussions and conflicts. (8) K. H. Voous (Zodlogisch Museum, Amsterdam) (6th January 1956) I am much in favour of the solution mentioned by you under “‘A”’’, that is, to apply the ordinary provisions of the Rég/es and in conse- quence to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy. Whatever may happen I should have to protest severely if the generic name Grus, which has been in constant use for so long a period, should be proposed to be rejected and replaced by another genus name. (9) J. Steinbacher (Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesell- schaft, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (9th January 1956) I wish to inform you that I would like to give my consent to the first alternative, i.e. to apply the ordinary provisions of the Régles and in consequence to accept the name Grus Brisson, 1760, with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy. (10) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfalischen Wilhelms-Universitat, Miinster, Germany) (10th Janu- ary 1956) Meines Erachtens ist eine eindeutige Entscheidung in diesem Falle ohnehin nicht méglich, da man fiir beide Entscheidungen gute Griinde angeben kann. Im Ganzen halte ich es aber doch fiir zutreffend die 326 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS unter 8 (a) getroffene Entscheidung zu bevorzugen, d.h. die Namen Grus Brisson, 1760, anzunehmen mit Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, als typische Art. (11) Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (26th January 1956) For several reasons I would prefer to accept the name Grus of Brisson, 1760, which is not only what had been done by ornithologists for many years (until someone thought one had to ignore the Brisson names), but it also eliminates a number of difficulties associated with the name Grus Pallas, 1766. Such an acceptance of the Brisson name would be distinctly in line with the recent trend to revert to the tradi- tional acceptance of Brissonian generic names. It seems to me, therefore, that there are four independent reasons for entering Brisson in the Official List as the author of Grus :—(1) priority, (2) the traditional acceptance of Brisson as the author during most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, (3) the avoidance of the difficulties associated with Grus Pallas, and (4) the recent trend to restore Brissonian names to their formerly held rank. 5. Replies from the three specialists who favoured the use by the International Commission of its Plenary Powers to secure that the generic name ‘* Grus ’’ should rank from Pallas, 1766 (Alter- native ‘*‘ B ’’) : The replies received from the three specialists who favoured the use by the International Commission of its Plenary Powers for the purpose of securing that the generic name Grus should rank from Pallas, 1766, instead of from Brisson, 1760 (Alternative “‘B’’ were as follows :— (1) G. Niethammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany) (22nd December 1955) I agree with your second alternative “* B’’, i.e. Grus Pallas, 1766. (2) Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California) (28th December 1955) I would favor your alternative “‘B”’. It seems to me this pro- cedure would cause the least change in current usage and not re-open old questions concerning Brisson. The use of Grus of Pallas is in line with very thoroughly established handbooks like the British handbook, AOU and Peters. DIRECTION 55 327 ~ . (3) G. Diesselhorst (Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen . Staates, Miinchen, Germany) (Sth February 1956) Having studied the problem in question I should think it least troublesome for the stability of nomenclature to use the Plenary Powers for suppressing the name Grus Brisson, 1760, and to designate Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of Grus Pallas, 1766, as in Alternative ‘“‘ B”’ of your sheet. 6. Submission to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in April 1956 of proposals for rectifying the defects in the Ruling relating to the generic name ‘‘ Grus ’’ Pallas, 1767 [sic] given in ‘* Opinion ”’ 103 : On 25th April 1956, Mr. Hemming submitted to the International Commission a paper 1n which, after drawing attention to the defects in the Ruling relating to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic] given in Opinion 103 and giving particulars of the views expressed by the specialists who had been consulted in this matter (paragraph 3 above), he set out two alternative courses of action which the Commission, if it so desired, might take for the purpose of regularising the entry regarding the foregoing name made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the Opinion referred to above. The alternatives so set out corresponded with those which Mr. Hemming had previously placed before the specialists whom he had consulted in this case, i.e. those quoted in the first paragraph of the present Direction. The paper sub- mitted to the Commission by Mr. Hemming was as follows :— Proposed correction of an erroneous entry on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology’’ in regard to the generic name ** Grus ’’ (Class Aves) made by the Ruling given in ** Opinion ’’ 103 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) Among the Opinions rendered by the International Commission in the pre-Lisbon (1935) period in which errors have been detected in course of the preparation of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology for publication in book form is Opinion 103 in which the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767, was placed on the above List with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758 (a non-included species) as type species. 328 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS The purpose of the present paper is to lay the relevant facts before the Commission and to seek a decision on the action to be taken to provide a valid entry on the Official List in regard to the foregoing name. 2. The following are the relevant facts in the present case :— (1) The generic name Grus was first published by Brisson in 1860 (Ornithologia 5 : 374—391). Brisson, whose Ornithologia has been validated by the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Direction 16 (1955, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(C) : 81—88), used the name Grus for a subgenus of the genus Ciconia. He placed a number of species in Grus, one of these being Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 141). Brisson did not designate or indicate a type species for Grus under Rules (a), (b) or (c) in Article 30 and in consequence under Rule (d) in that Article Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, is the type species of Grus Brisson, 1760, by absolute tautonymy. (2) In 1766 the name Grus was published as an apparently new name by Pallas (Miscell. Zool. : 65) . The main purpose of Pallas’s paper, which was headed ‘‘ GRUS CREPITANS seu PSOPHIA LINNEI”’, was to describe a specimen of the species to which in 1758 (: 154) Linnaeus had given the name Psophia crepitans. This was the only nominal species which he included in his genus Grus and is therefore the type species by monotypy. (3) In 1767 (Spicil. Zool. 4:1) Pallas again used the name Grus. This paper was substantially the same as that which he had published a year earlier in the Miscell. Zool., being also con- cerned with the description of a specimen of the species which in 1758 Linnaeus had named Psophia crepitans. In this paper Pallas renamed this species Grus psophia (: 1), presumably because, although he was rejecting the word “‘ Psophia”’ as a generic name, he wished to perpetuate in some way the word used by Linnaeus for this species in 1758 and thought that this might conveniently be done by employing it as a specific name in place of the name crepitans. (4) On some date not now known the Commission adopted Opinion 103 (published in 1928 (Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 No. 5) : 21— 24), in which it placed the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 (Spicil. Zool.) on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by absolute tautonymy. In the paper on which this Opinion was based no reference was made either to the earlier name Grus Brisson, 1760, or to the earlier usage by Pallas himself of the name Grus in the Miscell. Zool. of 1766. These matters therefore were not considered by the Commission. It was however DIRECTION 55 329 aware that the nominal species Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, was not mentioned by Pallas in his 1767 paper and therefore that it was not an originally included species of the genus Grus. An attempt was made to get over this difficulty by arguing that in establishing the genus Grus, Pallas must have been aware that in 1758 Linnaeus had used the term “*‘ Grues ”’ to denote four species (of which one was Ardea grus) placed by him in the genus Ardea and therefore that it would be reasonable to infer that Pallas looked upon Ardea grus Linnaeus as belonging to his (Pallas’s) genus Grus of 1767. This argu- ment is invalid since the only species which are eligible for selection as the type species of a genus established before 1931 without a designated or indicated type species are the nominal species cited (including nominal species cited in synonymy) by the author of the generic name at the time when that name was first published. 3. The question now to be considered is what action the Commission should take to regularise the situation created by the Ruling given in Opinion 103. Broadly speaking, there are two courses open to the Commission, the adoption of either of which would ensure the con- tinued use of the generic name Grus in its accustomed sense. First, the Commission could accept the name Grus as from Brisson, 1760, the first occasion on which it was validly published, the type species in this case being Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, the species currently accepted as the type species of the genus Grus. Second, the Com- mission could use its Plenary Powers to validate Grus as from Pallas, 1766, with the above species as type species by (a) suppressing Grus Brisson, 1760, and (b) designating Ardea grus Linnaeus as the type species of Grus Pallas, so validated. This second course would substantially validate the incorrect Ruling in Opinion 103, the only difference being that Grus would rank from Pallas’s Miscell. Zool. of 1766 instead of from that author’s Spicil. Zool. of 1767. If it were desired to validate this further mistake in Opinion 103, it would be necessary for the Commission to suppress Grus Pallas, 1766, as well as Grus Brisson, 1760, a course which it can hardly be supposed would find any support. 4. In order to test the views of specialists, a note summarising the unfortunate history of this case and setting out the two main alterna- tives outlined above, was addressed in December 1955 to twenty ornithologists (who on previous occasions had shown themselves interested in nomenclature by furnishing comments), under cover of a letter asking them to state for the information of the Commission which of the foregoing alternatives it was, in their opinion, desirable that the Commission should adopt. Replies have now been received 330 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS from fourteen of the specialists consulted. These replies may be classified as follows :— (1) In favour of applying the normal provisions of the “ Régles”’ that is, in favour of accepting “* Grus”’ from Brisson, 1760, with ‘‘Ardea grus’”’ Linnaeus, 1758, as type species (eleven (11) specialists) : ; W. B. Alexander (Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford, England) Jean Delacour (Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.) G. C. A. Junge (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) Noél Mayaud (Faculté des Sciences de Paris) Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) Richard Meinertzhagen (London) B. Rensch (Zoologisches Institut der Westfalischen Wilhelms- Universitat, Miinster, Westf., Germany) Finn Salomonsen (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen) Joachim Steinbacher (Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) Helmuth Wagner (Ubersee-Museum, Bremen, Germany) K. H. Voous (Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) (2) In favour of using the Plenary Powers (a) to validate the name ‘*“Grus”’ as from Pallas, 1766, and (b) to designate ‘Ardea grus”’ Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of the foregoing genus (three (3) specialists)? G. Diesselhorst (Ornith. Abteilung, Sammlung des Baverischen Staates, Miinchen, Germany) Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.) G. Niethammer (Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany) 5. It will be seen from the above particulars that by a large majority (11 to 3) the ornithologists who have advised on this case support the acceptance of the generic name Grus as from Brisson, 1760, the first author by whom it was published, and are opposed to the use of the Plenary Powers for the purpose of validating this name as from its later usage by Pallas in 1766. | ' For the communications received from the eleven specialists here enumerated see paragraph 4 of the present Direction. 2. For the communications received from the three specialists Het enumerated see paragraph 5 of the present Direction. DIRECTION 55. 33] 6. The present is one of the cases concerning defective entries made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the pre-1935 (Lisbon) period on which a decision is needed before the volume containing particulars of the entries so far made in the Official List can be published. It is accordingly submitted to the Commission for consideration in the light of the views which have been collected from specialists as set out in paragraph 4 above. 7. The Commission is accordingly invited to choose between the following two alternatives :— (1) ALTERNATIVE “A”: Under this Alternative the normal provisions of the Régles would be applied in this case, the oldest available name (Grus Brisson, 1760) being adopted for the genus concerned. The Ruling which would result from the adoption by the Commission of this Alternative is shown in Section (1) of the Annexe attached to the present note. (2) ALTERNATIVE “ B” : Under this Alternative the Commission would use its Plenary Powers (a) to suppress the oldest available name (Grus Brisson, 1760) for the genus concerned and (b) to designate Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, to be the type species of Grus Pallas, 1766, which would then become the oldest available name for the genus in question. The Ruling which would result from the adoption by the Commission of this Alternative is shown in Section (2) of the Annexe attached to the present note. 8. Supplementary action required: Under the General Directive issued to the International Commission by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in its Opinions it is to deal with all names involved in cases submitted to it, the names Psophia Linnaeus, 1758, and crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Psophia crepitans, should be placed on the appropriate Official Lists and the name psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia (an invalid nom. nov. for crepitans Linnaeus, 1758) should be placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology. The required action has already been taken or is in process of being taken as regards the first two of the above names, for the name Psophia Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 67, while by a vote recently taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(55)31 the Commission has decided to place the name crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psophia crepitans, on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The decision so taken has been embodied in Direction 43, which it is expected will be published at an early date.® The only action now called for is therefore the addition of the invalid specific name psophia Pallas, 1767, to the Official Index. 8 Direction 43 was published on 19th October 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 171—210). 332 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS ANNEXE ' Rulings regarding the generic name ‘‘ Grus ’’ which would result from the adoption by the International Commission of Alternative ‘‘A’’ and of Alternative “ B’’ respectively Section (1) of Annexe ALTERNATIVE, “Ay Draft Ruling applying the normal provisions of the ** Régles ”’ DRAFT RULING :—(1) The entry relating to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767 [sic], made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 103 is hereby deleted as being incorrect and the following revised entry is hereby made in its place :—Grus Brisson, 1760 (gender: feminine) (type species, by absolute tautonymy : Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758). (2) The under-mentioned name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—grus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ardea grus (specific name of type species of Grus Brisson, 1760). (3) The under-mentioned name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology :—Grus Pallas, 1766 (a junior homonym of Grus Brisson, 1760). (4) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :— psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia (a junior objective synonym of crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the conbination Psophia crepitans). Section (2) of Annexe ALTERNATIVE “BB” Draft Ruling involving the use of the Plenary Powers to suppress ‘* Grus ”’ Brisson, 1760, to validate ‘‘ Grus ’’ Pallas, 1766, and to vary the type species of the genus so named DRAFT RULING :—(1) The following action is hereby taken under the Plenary Powers :— (a) The generic name Grus Brisson, 1760, is hereby suppressed for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy. DIRECTION 55 $33 (b) All designations and selections of a type species for the genus Grus Pallas, 1766, are hereby set aside and the nominal species Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758, is hereby designated to be the type species of the foregoing genus. (2) The entry relating to the generic name Grus Pallas, 1767, [sic], made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 103 is hereby deleted and the following revised entry is hereby made in its place :—Grus Pallas, 1766 (gender : feminine) (type species, by designation under the Plenary Powers under (1)(b) above : Ardea grus Linnaeus, 1758). (3) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology :—grus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ardea grus (specific name of type species of Grus Brisson, 1760). (4) The generic name Grus Brisson, 1760, as suppressed under the Plenary Powers under (1)(a) above is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. (5) The under-mentioned specific name is hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology :— psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia (a junior objective synonym of crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psophia crepitans). II. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 7. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3 : On 25th April 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)3) was issued in which the Members of the Commission were invited to vote either (1) * for “Alternative ‘A*” as set out in the first part of the Annexe to the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 558 relating to the generic name Grus sub- mitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the first part of the Annexe to the paper reproduced in paragraph 6 of the present Direction] (proposal that the normal provisions in the Régles be applied in this case); or (2) for “ Alternative ‘ B’”’ as set out in the second part of the 334 OPINIONS AND. DECLARATIONS Annexe to the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 558 relating to the generic name Grus referred to above (proposal that the Plenary Powers be used to suppress Grus Brisson, 1760, to validate Grus Pallas, 1766, and to vary the type species of the latter genus)”’. 8. The Prescribed Voting Period : As the foregoing Voting Paper was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 25th May, 1956. 9. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period, the state of the voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3 was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes in favour of the proposal styled *Altern- ative ‘A’ had been received from the following twenty- four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received): Holthuis ; Boschma; Stoll; Vokes; Hering; Miller ; Prantl ; Bodenheimer ; Cabrera; Esaki; Mayr; do Amaral ; Lemche ; Hanko ; Dymond ; Mertens; Key ; Jaczewski; Bonnet; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ; Riley ; Kuhnelt ; Tortonese ; (b) Affirmative Votes in favour of the proposal styled ‘Alternative *‘ B’”’: None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bradley (J.C.) ; (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. DIRECTION 55 309 10. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th June 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast were as set out in paragraph 9 above and declaring that the proposal styled “‘Alternative ‘A’’’ submitted with the foregoing Voting Paper had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 11. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On 25th September 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certi- ficate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its Vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)3. 12. Original References: The following are the Original References for the names placed on Official Lists and Official Indexes by the Ruling given in the present Direction :— Grus Brisson, 1760, Ornithologia 5 : 374—391 Grus Pallas, 1766, Miscell. Zool. : 65 grus (Ardea), Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 141 psophia (Grus), Pallas, 1767, Spicil. Zool. 4 : 1 13. Family-Group-Name Problems: The family-group-name problem involved in the present case will be dealt with on a later occasion when comprehensive proposals will be submitted to the International Commission in regard to the problems arising in connection with this category of name involved in the Rulings given prior to the end of 1936 in Opinions in which the names of genera in the Class Aves were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology. 14. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly 336 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS hereby rendered in the name of the said International Com- mission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 15. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty- Five (55) of the Jnternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Twenty-Fifth day of September, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING oe sae tea rae ee ote ee earner a ieee eo Printed in England by MretcaLFe & COOPER LimitED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London BiG 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- “NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.17. Pp. 337—364 DIRECTION 56 Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 LONDON: Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Eighteen Shillings and Sixpence (All rights reserved) y age hs: Issued 20th December, 1956 APR AO To y, INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 56 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JorDAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. aragen pai (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 194 Professor Teiso Esaki (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMoND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezégazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August ae Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) / Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. HottHuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) ae August 1953) Dr. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, ee A.C.T., Australia) (1Sth October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KtiHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitdt, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico ToRTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ** G. Doria’’, Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 56 COMPLETION AND IN CERTAIN CASES CORRECTION OF ENTRIES RELATING TO THE NAMES OF GENERA BELONGING TO THE CLASSES PISCES, AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA MADE IN THE ‘* OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 RULING :—(1) In the case of each of the under- mentioned names of genera belonging to the Class Pisces the incorrect statement that the type species was determined by subsequent selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 entered in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 is hereby deleted and the entry “type species by Linnean tau- tonymy ” is hereby inserted 1n its place :— (i) Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 249) ; (ii) Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 251) ; (ii1) Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 255) ; (iv) Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 270). (2) In the case of each of the under-mentioned names of genera belonging to the Class Pisces the entry made in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally specified below 1s hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus so named was determined by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 by the author and on the date specified in each case below :— (a) Names placed on the “ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” by the Ruling given in Opinion 1): (i) Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Bleeker, (1879): 1 The expression ‘* Linnean tautonomy ”’ was introduced by the International Commission in Declaration 29 (1956, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 14 : xxv—xxxii). JAN - 8 1957 340 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (11) Clupea Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Gill (1862) ; (111) Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (iv) Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (v) Gadus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (vi) Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (vil) Gobius Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Gill (1863) ; (vii) Lophius Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (ix) Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 : by selection by Jordan & Evermann (1917) ; (x) Mullus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Bleeker (1876) ; (xi) Perca Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Gill (1862) ; (xl) Salmo Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (xiii) Scomber Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Gill (1863) ; (xiv) Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Bleeker (1876) ; (xv) Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 : by selection by Jordan (1912) ; (xvi) Zeus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Gill (1863) ; DIRECTION 56 341 (b) Names placed on the “ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” by the Ruling given in * Opinion” 92:: (i) Blennius Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (ii) Esox Linnaeus, 1758: by -selection by Jordan & Gilbert (1882) ; (ii1) Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Gill (1864). (3) In the case of each of the under-mentioned names of genera belonging to the Class Reptilia the entry made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 is hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus so named was determined by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 by the author and on the date severally specified below :— (a) Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Fitzinger (1843) ; (b) Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758: by selection by Fitzinger (1843). (4) The date “ 1849” attributed to the generic name Desmognathus Baird (Class Amphibia) when that name was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 is hereby deleted and the date “(1850)” is hereby inserted in its place. (5) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology regarding the generic name Desmognathus Baird referred to in (4) is hereby completed by the insertion of a statement that the type species of the genus so named was determined by selection under Rule (g) in Article 30 by Steyneger & Barbour in 1917. (6) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of a generic name spelled Coryhaena and 342 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS attributed to Linnaeus, 1758, inadvertently made by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 is hereby corrected to Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758. (7) The incorrect entry of Eleotris gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, as the name of the type species of the genus Eleotris Schneider, 1801, made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 93 is hereby deleted and the name Gobius pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], is hereby inserted in its place. (8) The under-mentioned correction is hereby made in the entry relating to the generic name Calamaria Boie (Class Reptilia) made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92: The entry “ 1827” as the date of publication of the fore- going generic name is hereby deleted and the entry ‘* 1826 ”’ is hereby inserted in its place. (9) The entry on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to the generic name Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 (Class Reptilia), made by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 is hereby completed by the insertion of the words “* by monotypy, through Cuvier (1829) ” as indicating the manner by which the type species of this genus was determined under Article 30 of the Régles. (10) The under-mentioned generic names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— | (i) Acipenses Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 765) ; (ii) Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831 (ajunior homonym of Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 766) ; | DIRECTION 56 343 (iii) Anarhicas Latreille, 1804 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758 (Name No. 767) ; (iv) Calliongmus Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 768) ; (v) Callionimus Gouan, 1770 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Ca/lionymus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 769) ; (vi) Chimaera Poli, 1791 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 770) ; (vii) Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808 (a junior homo- ~ nym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name Noz771); (vill) Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. Rid): (ix) Chimaira Duméril, 1856 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 773) ; (x) Coregonus Lacépéde, 1803 (a junior homonym of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 7TA) ; (xi) Coregonus Jarocki, 1822 (a junior homonym of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. ee ie (xi) Coriudo Fleming, 1822 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816) (Name No. 776) ; (xi1) Coryhaena Stiles, 1922 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 777) ; (xiv) Coryphaena Coues, 1889 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 778) ; OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xv) Cyclopterus Marseul, 1872 (a junior homonym of riaeaues Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. ALO) (xvi) Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816) (Name No. 780) ; (xvi) Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Dermochelys Blainville, 1816) (Name No. 781) ; (xvill) Diodon O’Reilly, 1818 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 782) ; (xix) Diodon Lesson, 1828 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 783) ; (xx) Diodon Lesson, 1830 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 784) ; (xx1) Draco Gouan, 1770 (a junior homonym of Draco Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 785) ; (xxii) Draco Oken, 1816 (a junior homonym of Draco Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 786) ; (xxi) Eleotris Gronovius, 1763 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial pur- poses by the Ruling given in Opinion 261) (Name No. 787) ; (xxiv) Fistularia Forskal, 1775 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 788) ; (xxv) Fistularia Miller (O.F.), 1776 (a junior homo- nym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No: 789): (xxvi) Fistularia Lamarck, 1816 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 790) ; (xxvil) Fistularia Blainville, 1830 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. Aol): DIRECTION 56 345 (xxvill) Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 792):3 (xxix) Gadus Dejean, 1821 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 793) ; (xxx) Gadus Rang, 1829 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 794) ; (xxxi) Gadus Deshayes, 1861 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 795) ; (xxxil) Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800] (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 796) ; (xxxiii) Gymnothorax Duda, 1923 (a junior homonym of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795) (Name No. by) (xxx1v) Mabouia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826) (Name No. 798) ; (xxxv) Mabouya Duméril & Bibron, 1839 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826) (Name No. 799) ; (xxxv1) Mabuia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826) (Name No. 809) ; (xxxvil) Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum) (Name No. 801) ; (xxxvill) Malapterus Jarocki, 1822 (an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling for Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803) (Name No. 802) ; (xxxix) Malapturus Swainson, 1838 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Malapterurus Lacépede, 1803) (Name No. 803) ; (xl) Mugie Macklot, 1830 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Mugil Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 804) ; 346 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (xli) Mustellus Fischer de Waldheim, 1813 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mustelus Linck, 1790) (Name No. 805) ; (xlii) Ophidion Pomel, 1853 (a junior homonym of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 806) ; (xliil) Ophidium Linnaeus, 1766 (an Invalid Emenda- tion of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 807) ; (xliv) Siren Hermann, 1783 (a junior homonym of Siren Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No. 808) ; (xlv) Sirena Fischer de Waldheim, 1808 (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No. 809) ; (xlvi) Sirene Oken, 1816 (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766; published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes by the Ruling given in Opinion 417 (Name No. 810) ; (xlvii) Sphargis Merrem, 1820 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816) (Name No. 811) ; (xlvili) Syngnathus Rafinesque, 1810 (a junior homonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 812) ; (xlix) Teuthis Schneider, 1784 (a junior homonym of Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No 813) ; (11) The under-mentioned specific names are hereby placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (i) mercurialis Merrem, 1820, as published in the combination Sphargis mercurialis (a junior objective synonym of coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Testudo coriacea) (Name No. 365) ; DIRECTION 56 347 (11) alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, as published in the combination Abranchus alleghaniensis (an Invalid Emendation of alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as published in the combination Salamandra alleganiensis) (Name No. 366) ; I. THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PRESENT DIRECTION” The present Direction embodies decisions taken by the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for the purpose of completing, and, where necessary, of correcting, the entries in regard to the names of genera belonging to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, this action being a necessary preliminary to the publication of the Official List in book-form. The proposals upon which the decisions taken in the present case were based were submitted to the International Commission by the Secretary on 25th April 1956 in the following paper :— Proposed completion and correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made in the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains particulars of various minor errors and omissions in the entries relating to the names of genera of the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia which were made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936, 348° OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Proposals are submitted for rectifying these defects. The action called for, which falls into various groups, is described in the following paragraphs. (1) Correction of erroneous entries on the ‘* Official List ”’ as to the Rule in Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ’’ under which the type species of four genera belonging to the Class Pisces were determined 2. In Opinion 77 the names of four genera (Acipenser ; Chimaera ; Cyclopterus ; Silurus) published by Linnaeus in 1758 and belonging to the Class Pisces, were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with the intimation, through the use of the symbol “‘ tsd ”’ [= type by subsequent designation], that in each case the type species had been determined under Rule (g) (type species by subsequent selection) in Article 30. When making the foregoing entries, the Commission must have inadvertently failed to recall that the Rules in Article 30 operate successively and that for any given name Rule (g) becomes applicable only after it has been established that none of the earlier Rules in that Article apply. In the case of the generic names cited above no type species was designated by the original author under Rule (a) ; nor was a type species indicated under either Rule (b) (indication of type species through the use for an included species of the specific name “‘ typus’’ or “‘ typicus’’? as a new name) or under Rule (c) (indication of type species by monotypy). The position is, however, quite different when we come to Rule (d) (indication of type species by absolute tautonymy). In none of the cases under considera- tion was there included a species having a specific name consisting of the same word as that of which the generic name concerned was composed. But in each case a tautonymous pre-1757 universal species- name was cited in the synonymy of one, and only one, of the included species. Under the Ruling given in Opinion 16, later incorporated into the Régles by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948 (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 155) the inclusion in a new genus established prior to Ist January 1931 of a nominal species in the synonymy of which such a pre-1757 species-name is cited, con- stitutes the indication of that species under Rule (d) in Article 30 as the type species of the genus concerned. It may be noted as some- what curious that in Opinion 16 the Commission had actually cited each of the names with which we are concerned in a list of the names of genera, the type species of which were determinable under the inter- pretation of Rule (d) in Article 30 then propounded. 3. In order to rectify the position disclosed above it is proposed that the incorrect notation “‘type by subsequent designation ’”’ be expunged from the entry on the Official List relating to each of the four generic names discussed above and that in its place there be DIRECTION 56 349 inserted a note that the type species of the genus concerned was deter- mined under Rule (d) in Article 30 as interpreted by Opinion 16, i.e. under what has come to be known as Linnean tautonymy.? (2) Proposed insertion in the ‘* Official List ’’ of particulars as to how the type species of certain genera were determined under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Régles ”’ 4. In Opinion 77 the names of the following sixteen genera belonging to the Class Pisces were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with no information as to how the species there specified had become the type species of the genera concerned, apart from the entirely inadequate symbol ‘“‘tsd’’ [= type by subsequent designation] :— Callionymus; Clupea; Coryphaena; Cyprinus; Gadus ; Gasterosteus ; Gobius; Lophius; Mormyrus; Mullus ; Perca ; Salmo ; Scomber ; Scorpaena ; Syngnathus ; Zeus. 5. In Opinion 92 the names of six genera of the groups with which we are here concerned were placed on the Official List with no indication whatever as to how the type species of the genera concerned had been determined under Article 30. The names in question were the following :— Class Pisces : Blennius ; Esox ; Ophidion ; Class Reptilia: Crotalus ; Lacerta ; Class Amphibia : Desmognathus. 6. For each of the sixteen names specified in paragraph 4 above and of the six names specified in paragraph 5 above, it has been necessary to undertake a search of the literature (i) to ascertain by whom, when and where one of the originally included species was selected to be the type species of the nominal genus concerned, (ii) to check whether that species is the species adopted as such in the Official List, (111) to determine whether the species concerned is currently accepted by specialists as the type species, and (iv) to establish whether the specific name of the nominal species which is the type species is an available name and is moreover accepted by specialists as the oldest such name for the species in question. The first of these tasks proved unusually laborious, so far as the names of fishes were concerned, owing to the paucity of reliable catalogues dealing with this group. However, the search of the literature of all three groups concerned ultimately established (a) that the species adopted in the “ See Footnote 1. 350 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Official List as the type species of the various genera are currently accepted as such (b) that each of these species has been selected as the type species in accordance with the requirements of Rule (g) in Article 30 and (c) that there is no evidence to suggest as regards any of the nominal genera concerned that any other included species was selected as the type species prior to the selection of the species currently accepted as such. In some cases the earliest selection which it has been possible to trace is relatively recent but it is believed that nevertheless the reference now brought forward is the earliest in which a type selection was made under Rule (g) of Article 30, rigorously construed as required by the Régles, for the genera concerned. The references for the selection of type species for the twenty-two genera concerned which it is recommended should be inserted in the Official List to make good the omissions in Opinions 77 and 92 are set out in Annexe | to the present paper. (3) Proposed correction or amplification of entries in regard to six generic names made in the ‘* Official List ’’ by Rulings given in ‘* Opinions ’’ 77, 92 and 93 7. ** Coryphaena ’’ Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces) : When the generic name Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758, was placed on the Official List by the Ruling given in Opinion 77, it was misspelled as ‘‘ Coryhaena’’. This error which was presumably due to faulty proof-reading must now be corrected, the Erroneous Subsequent Spelling Coryhaena being at the same time placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology. 8. ‘* Eleotris ’? Schneider, 1801 (Class Pisces) : In Opinion 93 the International Commission used its Plenary Powers to designate Gobius pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], to be the type species of Eleotris Schneider, 1801. However, it was stated in the so-called ‘“* Summary ”’ of this Opinion that the species so designated as type species was ‘* gyrinus Cuv. & Val.”, i.e. Eleotris gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837 (Hist. nat. Poiss. 12 : 220), a nominal species which had been mentioned by the applicant in this case as a junior subjective synonym of Gobius pisonis Gmelin. The foregoing entry can only have been made through an inexplicable oversight and must be corrected by the substitution of a revised entry prescribing that, in accordance with the decision taken by the Commission in this Opinion the type species of this genus is Gobius pisonis Gmelin, [1789]. 9, ** Calamaria ’’ Boie, 1826 (Class Reptilia) : In Opinion 92 the generic name Calamaria Boie was placed on the Official List ; it was there attributed to the year “‘ 1827 ”, and no reference was given beyond the page number “‘ 236’. The type species was said to be “‘ Coluber | calamaria Linnaeus, 1758”, by absolute tautonymy. The name DIRECTION 56 351 Calamaria was published by Boie both in 1826 and 1827. In the earlier year, it was published in a paper by Férussac (Bull. Sci. nat. Géol. 9 : 236) and it is clear from the page number cited in Opinion 92 that this is the paper there referred to and not the later paper of 1827 (Isis (Oken) 10 : 519). The name Calamaria Boie, as published in Férussac’s paper of 1826 was treated by Neave (Nomencl. zool.) as a nomen nudum, but this is incorrect, for, although Boie included six nomina nuda in the genus, he included also one new nominal species which was provided with an indication as required by Article 25 of the Régles. This nominal species was introduced as follows: *“Calamaria Boie . . . Linnaei B. (Col. calamaria Linn.)”’. This species is therefore the type species by monotypy. Under Declaration 21 (embodying the decision taken by the Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(55)30*) the type species of this genus is to be cited under the earlier of the two objective synonyms applied to it by the author of the generic name. That is, the type species is to be cited as Coluber calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, and not as Calamaria linnaei Bote, 1826. In order to regularise the position, it is necessary now that the date attributed to Calamaria Boie should be corrected from ‘“‘ 1827” to “* 1826’, and that the erroneous entry “‘tat’’ [type by absolute tautonymy] should be corrected to “‘type by monotypy”’. At the same time the objectively invalid specific name linnaei Boie, 1826, should be placed on the Official Index.’ | 10. ‘*‘ Dermochelys ’’ Blainville, 1816 (Class Reptilia) : The generic name Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, was placed on the Official List with Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as type species. So far as it goes, the entry so made was correct. It contained no particulars, however, as to how that species became the type species and a word of explanation is needed on this subject. This nominal genus, as established by Blainville in 1816 (J. Phys. Chim. Hist. nat., Paris 83 : 259), contained no nominal species. In order to determine what species should be regarded as being originally included species in this genus, it is necessary to ascertain by whom nominal species were first assigned to it and what that species or those species were (1950, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 159—160, 346). Before doing this, we should, however, take note of two events which occurred before any author dealt again with the nominal genus Dermochelys. ‘The first of these events was the establishment by Merrem in 1820 (Tent. Syst. Amph. : 19) of the genus Sphargis. Merrem only recognised one species as belonging to this genus and to this he gave the name Sphargis mercurialis (: 19), the name mercurialis being a name taken over by 3 Declaration 21 was published on 19th June 1956 (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 12 : i—viii.) 4 As explained in paragraph 4 of the present Direction, unexpected developments in regard to the generic name Ca/amaria Boie led to the temporary withdrawal of certain of the proposals submitted in regard to it, in order to permit of the study of the new problems disclosed. 352 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS him from the XVIth century author Rondeletius. In a footnote Merrem stated that his Sphargis mercurialis was the same species as the Testudo coriacea of Linnaeus. The latter species is therefore under Declaration 21 the type species of Sphargis Merrem by monotypy. The next event was the establishment by Fleming in 1822 (Phil. Zool. 2 : 271) of the nominal genus Coriudo. This was introduced in a key to the genera of ‘‘ CHELONEA ”’ and the sole species cited, and therefore the type species by monotypy, was Testudo coriacea Linnaeus. The name Coriudo Fleming is thus a junior objective synonym of Sphargis Merrem. In 1829 (Régne Anim. (ed. 2) 2 : 14) Cuvier used the name Dermochelys which, however he spelled Dermochelis and attributed, to Lesueur (by whom it had presumably been proposed in manuscript and from whom Blainville may also be assumed to have obtained the name). Cuvier, after sinking the names Sphargis Merrem and Coriudo Fleming as synonyms of Dermochelis, cited Testudo coriacea Linnaeus as belonging to this genus. In a footnote he cited a second species as belonging to this genus, namely Dermochelis atlantica Lesueur. No such name had ever been published by that author and the name as cited by Cuvier was a nomen nudum. Accordingly the only species placed by Cuvier in the genus Dermochelys was Testudo coriacea Linnaeus which therefore becomes the type species of Blainville’s genus by monotypy. In order to avoid the risk of misunderstanding, it is desirable that, when the words * by monotypy ”’ are entered in the Official List to indicate how Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, became the type species of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, they should be qualified by the words “‘ through Cuvier, 1829’. At the same time the various objectively invalid names discussed in the present paragraph should be placed on the appropriate Official Index. | 11. ‘‘ Desmognathus ’’ Baird, (1850) (Class Amphibia) : When the name Desmognathus Baird was placed on the Official List, by the Ruling given in Opinion 92, the date “‘ 1849 ”’ was attributed to it. The date which appears on the title page of Volume 1 of the Second Series of the J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., in which Baird’s paper was published, is “‘ 1847—1850”’ but particulars of the dates of publication of the various parts are given in the table of contents and this shows that that paper, which appeared in Part 4, was published in January 1850. This date—cited in round brackets (parentheses)—should therefore be attributed to the name Desmognathus Baird. 12. ‘* Cryptobranchus ’’ Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia): As explained in Paper Z.N.(S.) 1014 now being submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)5° ; the name of the type species of the genus 5 The decision taken by the International Commission on the Voting Paper here referred to has since been embodied in Direction 57 (which is being published in the immediately following Part of the present Section of Volume 1 of the present Series). DIRECTION 56 353 Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821, is currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of the name Sa/lamandra alleganiensis Daudin, [1803]. It must be noted here that the alleganiensis Daudin, [1803] was emended to alleghaniensis by Harlan in 1825 (Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. New York 1(8) : 271), who cited this species as Abranchus alleghaniensis. In this action Harlan was followed by some later authors but the original spelling employed by Daudin is that currently in use and is the correct name for this nominal species. The Invalid Emendation alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, should now be placed on the Official Index. (4) Proposed addition of certain names to the ‘* Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’ 13. The examination of the literature undertaken in preparation for the submission of the proposals set forth in the present paper has brought to light the existence of a number of names which are objectively invalid as junior homonyms, as Invalid Emendations or Erroneous Subsequent Spellings, or as junior objective synonyms. These names, which should now be placed on the appropriate Official Indexes, are set out in Annexe 2 to the present paper, the generic names being listed in Section A and the specific names in Section B. (5) Recommendations 14. In the light of the considerations set out in the present paper it is recommended that, in discharge of the duty of completing and, where necessary, correcting the entries made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 imposed upon it by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- clature should take the following action, so far as concerns the entries relating to the names of genera of the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made on the Official List during the period referred to above, namely that it should :— _ (1) in the case of each of the four generic names specified in para- graph 2 above, substitute in the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology the words “‘ type species by Linnean tautonymy ”’ for the words “‘ t[ype by] s[ubsequent] d[esignation] ”’ as indicating the manner in which the type species of the genera concerned were determined under Article 30 of the Régles ; 354 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (2) in the case of each of the generic names specified in Annexe 1, insert in the foregoing Official List the particulars specified in that Annexe regarding the selection of the type species of the genera concerned under Rule (g) in Article 30 of the Régles (paragraphs 4—6 above) ; (3) correct from Coryhaena to Coryphaena the entry on the Official List in regard to the generic name Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758, inadvertently made by the Ruling given in Opinion 77 (paragraph 7 above) ; (4) insert on the Official List the name of the nominal species Gobius pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as the name of the type species of Eleotris Schneider, 1801, in place of the name Eleotris gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, inadvertently entered as such by the Ruling given in Opinion 93 (paragraph 8 above) ; (5) substitute on the Official List the date “‘ 1826”’ for the date ** 1827” as the date of publication of the generic name Calamaria Boie (paragraph 9 above) ; (6) substitute on the Official List the words ‘type species, by monotypy ”’ for the words “‘ t[ype by] a[bsolute] tjautonymy] ”’ as indicating the manner in which the type species of Calamaria Boie, 1826, was determined under Article 30 of the Régles (paragraph 9)§ ; (7) take note that under Declaration 21 the type species of Calamaria Boie, 1826, is the nominal species Coluber calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, and not the later-established objectively identical nominal species Calamaria linnaei Boie, 1826, cited at the time of the establishment of the above nominal genus (paragraph 9)°; (8) insert the words “ by monotypy, through Cuvier, 1829” in the Official List as recording the means by which the type species of the genus Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, was determined under Article 30 (paragraph 10) ; (9) substitute on the Official List the date ‘‘ (1850) ”’ for the date “1849”? as the date of publication of the generic name Desmognathus Baird (paragraph 11) ; (10) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology the objectively invalid names enumerated in Section A of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 13 above). (11) place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the objectively invalid names enumerated in Section B of Annexe 2 to the present paper (paragraph 13 above). 6 This proposal was later withdrawn. See paragraph 4 of the preseut Direction, DIRECTION 56 355 ANNEXE | Proposals for completing the entries on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ regarding the manner in which the type species of certain genera were determined under Article 30 of the ‘‘ Regles ”’ Name of Genus (1) Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758 Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758 Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 Perca Linnaeus, 1758 Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 Scomber Linnaeus, 1758 Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 Entry relating to the determination of the type species proposed to be inserted in the “‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ” (2) by selection by Bleeker, 1879, Vers. Acad. Amsterdam 1879 : 80 by selection by Gill, 1862, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1861 : 35 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 454 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 254 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 802 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 393 by selection by Gill, 1864, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1863 : 268 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 844 by selection by Jordan & Evermann, 1917, Gen. Fish. : 15 by selection by Bleeker, 1876, Arch. Neerl. Sci. nat. Haarlem 11 : 334 by selection by Gill, 1862, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1861 : 48 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 309 by selection by Gill, 1863, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1862 : 125 by selection by Bleeker, 1876, Versi. Acad. Amsterdam 1875 : 295 by selection by Jordan, 1912, Smiths. misc. Publ. 2060 : 103 356 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name of Genus (1) Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 Blennius Linnaeus, 1758 Esox Linnaeus, 1758 Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758 Desmognathus Baird, (1850) Entry relating to the determination of the type species proposed to be inserted in the *‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology” (2) by selection by Gill, 1863, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1862 : 126 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 759 by selection by Jordan & Gilbert, 1882, Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 16 : 352 by selection by Gill, 1864, Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1863 : 210 by selection by Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. : 29 by selection by Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. : 20 by selection by Stejneger & Barbour 1917, Checklist N. Amer. Amph & Rept. : 22 ANNEXE 2 Proposed addition of certain invalid names to the ‘* Official Indexes of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology ”’ Section A: Proposed addition of forty-nine generic names to the ‘‘ Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ”’ 1. Acipenses Linck, 1790, Mag. N. Phys. Naturg. 6(3) : 37 (an Erro- neous Subsequent Spelling for Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) 2. Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831, Giorn. Arcad. 52 : 149 (a junior homonym of Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75) 3. Anarhicas Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat. Tabl. méth. : 103 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75) 4. Calliongmus Linck, 1790, Mag. N. Phys. Naturg. 6(3) : 34 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) 10. LF. 12. 13. 14. 15. DIRECTION 56 357 . Callionimus Gouan, 1770, Hist. Pisc. : 121 (an Erroneous Subse- quent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) . The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :— (a) Chimaera Poli, 1791, Test. Sicil. 1, Introd. : 31 (b) Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808, Schmett. Europa 2 : 2 (c) Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858, Ichnol. N. England : 118 . Chimaira Duméril, 1856, Mém. Acad. Sci. Inst. France 27 : 155 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) . The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 93 :— ') Coregonus Lacépede,. 1803, Hist.. nat. Poiss. 3: 239; Le Sueur, 1818, J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 1(9) : 231 (b) Coregonus Jarocki, 1822, Zoologiia 4 : 35 . Coriudo Fleming, 1822, Phil. zool. 2: 271 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92) Coryhaena Stiles, 1922, Smiths. misc. Coll. 73 (no. 1) : 73 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) Coryphaena Coues, 1889, Cent. Dict. 2(5) : 1286 (a nomen nudum) Cyclopterus (Seidlitz MS) Marseul, 1872, Abeille 10 : 30 (a junior homonym of Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph. : 133 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92) Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829, in Cuvier, Régn. Anim. (ed. 2) 2: 14 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92) The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :— (a) Diodon O’Reilly, 1818, Greenland:105; Storr, 1780, Prodr. meth. Mamm. : 42, tab. C (b) Diodon Lesson, 1828, Compl. de Buffon, Hist. nat. Mamm. Ois. 1 : 124, 440 (c) Diodon Lesson, 1830, Traité. Ornith. (2) : 95 358 16. 20. zt 22. 5 Me 24. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Draco Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75 :— (a) Draco Gouan, 1770, Hist. Pisc. : 117 (a nomen nudum) (b) Draco Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturgesch. 3(2) : 273 . Eleotris Gronovius, 1763, Zooph. gronoy.1 : 83 (a name published in a book rejected for nomenclatorial purposes) . The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75 :— (a) Fistularia Forskal, 1775, Descr. Anim. : 121 (b) Fistularia Miller, 1776, Zool. dan. Prodr. : 254 (c) Fistularia Lamarck, 1816, Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertebr. 3:74; de Blainville, 1830, Dict. Sci. nat. 60 : 173 (d) Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841, Proc. geol. Soc. Lond. 3 (no. TS) 2433 . The under-mentioned junior homonyms of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77 :— (a) Gadus Dejean, 1821, Cat. Coléopt. : 96 (a nomen nudum) (b) Gadus Rang, 1829, Ann. Sci. nat. 16 : 498 (c) Gadus Deshayes, 1861, Descr. Anim. s. Vertébr. Bassin Paris Ze 2)7 Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800], Legons. comp. Anat. 1: tab. 4 (a nomen nudum) Gymnothorax Duda, 1923, Arch. Naturgesch. 89 : A4, 39 (a junior homonym of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795, placed on the Official List in Opinion 93) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815 :— (a) Mabouia Cuvier, 1829, Régn. Anim. (ed. 2) 2 : 62 (b) Mabouya Duméril & Bibron, 1839, Erpét, 5 : 663, 671 (c) Mabuia Cuvier, 1829, Régn. Anim. (ed. 2) 2 : 64 Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815, Analyse Nat. : 76 (a nomen nudum) The under-mentioned Erroneous Subsequent Spellings for Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803, placed on the Official List in Opinion 93) :— (a) Malapterus Jarocki, 1822, Zoologiia 4 : 87 (b) Malapturus Swainson, 1838, Hist. Classif. Fish 1 : 348, 353 25: 26. ah. 28. 22. 30. SI. a2: 35. 34. DIRECTION 56 359 Mugie Macklot, 1830, Bijd. Natuurk. Wetensch. 5:177 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mugil Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 75) Mustellus Fischer de Waldheim, 1813, Zoognosia (ed. 3) 1: 78 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mustelus Linck, 1790, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) Ophidion Pomel, 1853, Cat. Vert. foss. Loire : 128 (a junior homonym of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92) Ophidium Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 : 431 (an Invalid Emendation of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92) Siren Hermann, 1783, Tab. Affin. Anim. : 120 (a junior homonym of Siren Linnaeus, 1766, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92) Sirena Fischer de Waldheim, 1808, Zoognosia (ed. 2): tab. ili (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766) Sirene Oken, 1816, Lehrb. Naturgesch 3(2) : 187 (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766) Sphargis Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph. : 19 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816, placed on the Official List in Opinion 92) Syngnathus Rafinesque, 1810, Ind. Itt. Sic. : 57 (a junior homonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official List in Opinion 77) Teuthis Schneider, 1784, Sammi. verm. Abh.: 113 (a junior homonym of Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766, placed on the Official List in Opinion 93) Section B: Proposed addition of two specific names to the ** Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology ”’ . linnaei Boie, 1826, Bull. Sci. nat. Geol. 9 : 236, as published in the combination Calamaria linnaei (nom. nov. pro calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coluber calamarius)* . mercurialis Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph. : 19, as published in the combination Sphargis mercurialis (nom. noy. pro coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Testudo coriacea) * This proposal was later withdrawn. See paragraph 4 of the present Direction. 360 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 3. alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, Ann. Lyceum nat. Hist. New York 1(8) : 271, as published in the combination Abranchus alleghaniensis (an Invalid Emendation of alleganiensis Daudin, [1803] as published in the combination Salamandra alleganiensis. 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of completing and correcting in the manner proposed the entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1015. I]. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 : On 25th April 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.)(56)4) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in accordance with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, and other matters on which action is required in order to complete, to clarify, or to correct Rulings given in Opinions rendered in the foregoing period, the action recommended in paragraph 14 of the paper numbered Z.N.(S.) 1015, regarding names in the Classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia submitted by the Secretary simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be now taken as there recommended ’”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. DIRECTION 56 361 4. Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)4 of certain proposals relating to the generic name ‘* Calamaria ”’ Boie (Class Reptilia): On 2nd May 1956 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the following Minute in which he withdrew from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 certain of the proposals in regard to the generic name Calamaria Boie submitted therewith :— Remoyal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)4 of certain of the proposals relating to the generic name ‘* Calamaria’’ Boie (Class Reptilia) submitted therewith By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In returning their completed copies of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, Dr. H. Boschma, Director, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Dr. L. B. Holthuis of the same Museum have this day notified the Office of the Commission that Dr. L. D. Brongersma of the above Museum is planning to re-examine the status under the Régles of the generic name Calamaria Boie (Class Reptilia) a name which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 and on which certain supplementary proposals had been submitted in the paper bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 1015 issued to the Members of the Commission concurrently with the Voting Paper referred to above. It appeared from the communication so received that the current interpretation of the nominal species Coluber calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of the genus Calamaria Boie, and/or of the objectively identical nominal species Calamaria linnaei Boie, 1826, was open to question and that there was at least a possibility that the species to which Linnaeus had given the former name was a species at present placed by specialists in a genus far removed from Calamaria Boie. 2. In these circumstances, as Secretary to the International Com- mission, I hereby withdraw from the scope of the Voting Paper cited above (a) the proposals in regard to the generic name Calamaria Boie submitted in Points (6) and (7) of paragraph 14 of the paper Z.N.(S.) 1015 submitted therewith, and (b) the proposal which appears as Item I in Section B of Annexe 2 referred to in Point (11) in the paragraph numbered as above in the same paper in order to permit of the further study of the issues alluded to in the communications referred to in paragraph | above. I further direct that the Registered File Z.N.(S.) 1114 be opened for the study of the questions now reserved and that the said studies be prosecuted as vigorously as 362 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS possible in order to ensure that the publication of the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in book-form be not delayed by the existence of an outstanding problem in regard to the above generic name. 5. The Prescribed Voting Period for V.P.(O.M)(56)4: As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period closed on 25th May 1956. 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)4 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, the state of the voting on the proposals sub- mitted therewith, other than on that part of those proposals which had been withdrawn from the scope of that Voting Paper by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd May 1956 (the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of the present Direction) was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received) : Holthuis ; Boschma ; Stoll; Vokes; Hering; Miller ; Prantl ; Bodenheimer; Cabrera; Esaki; Mayr; do Amaral ; Lemche ; Hanké ; Dymond ; Mertens; Key ; Jaczewski; Bonnet; Hemming; Sylvester-Bradley ; Riley ; Kuhnelt ; Tortonese ; (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1): Bradley (J.C.) ; DIRECTION 56 363 (d) Voting Papers not returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th June 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P. (O.M.)(56)4, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast on that Voting Paper, other than on the proposals in regard to the name Calamaria Boie submitted therewith, which had been withdrawn from its scope by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd May 1956 (the text of which has been reproduced in para- graph 4 of the present Direction) were as set out in paragraph 6 above and that the proposals submitted with that Voting Paper, other than the proposals so withdrawn, had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘* Direction ”’ : On 30th September 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Com- mission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, subject to the exclusion therefrom of the proposals in regard to the generic name Calamaria Boie specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd May 1956 referred to in paragraph 7 above. 9. Original References : The original references for the generic names specified in the under-mentioned Rulings in the present Direction have already been noted in connection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology: (1); (2); (3); (5), subject to the correction of the date of publication attributed to the name concerned as specified in Ruling (4) ; (6) ; (7); (8), subject to the correction of the date of publication of the name concerned as there specified. The references for the selection of typespecies for the genera specified in Rulings (2), (3) and (5) are given in Annexe | to the paper reproduced in paragraph 1 of the present Direction. 364 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS The reference for the nominal species specified in Ruling (7) as the type species of Eleotris Schneider, 1801, is given in paragraph 8 of the paper referred to above, while in paragraph 10 of that paper will be found the reference specified in Ruling (9). The references for the names specified in Rulings (10) and (11) are given in Section A and Section B respectively of Annexe 2 to the foregoing paper. 10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the Jnternational Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty-Six — (56) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this Thirtieth day of September, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Printed in England by MretcaLtFe & COOPER LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.18. Pp. 365—388 DIRECTION 57 Addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (a) of the specific names of forty-seven species belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific name of one species of the Class Amphibia which is currently treated as a senior subjective synonym of the name of such a species LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1956 Price Sixteen Shillings bs ae (All rights reserved) i Issued 20th December, 1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON | ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE RULING GIVEN IN DIRECTION 57 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President : Dr. Karl JorpAN (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England) President : Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to-date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BOSCHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CABRERA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) ~ tia LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th uly 1948) Professor Teiso EsAKi (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEY (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEWSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (Sth July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HERING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice President) Professor J. R. DyMOND (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Voxes (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdgazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. StToLt (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuts (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum vy Praze, Prague, Czechosiovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November Professor Ernst MAYR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘“‘G. Doria,’’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) DIRECTION 57 ADDITION TO THE ‘“ OFFICIAL LIST OF SPECIFIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” (a) OF THE SPECIFIC NAMES OF FORTY-SEVEN SPECIES BELONGING TO THE CLASSES CYCLOSTOMATA, PISCES, AMPHIBIA AND REPTILIA, EACH OF WHICH IS THE TYPE SPECIES OF A GENUS, THE NAME OF WHICH WAS PLACED ON THE “ OFFICIAL LIST OF GENERIC NAMES IN ZOOLOGY ” IN THE PERIOD UP TO THE END OF 1936 AND (b) OF THE SPECIFIC NAME OF ONE SPECIES OF THE CLASS AMPHIBIA WHICH IS CURRENTLY TREATED AS A SENIOR SUBJEC- TIVE SYNONYM OF THE NAME OF SUCH A SPECIES RULING :—(1) The under-mentioned specific name of a species belonging to the Class Cyclostomata, which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in Opinion 75, is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number 1063: glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Myxine glutinosa (specific name of type species of Myxine Linnaeus, 1758). (2) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Pisces, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally cited below, are hereby placed on the Official 368 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Lisi of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers specified in each case against the names in question :— (a) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the ** Official List” by the Ruling given in“ Opinion” 713 :—_ ~ (i) tobianus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ammodytes tobianus (specific name of type species of Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1064) ; (it) /upus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anarhichas lupus (specific name of type species of Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1065) ; (iii) Hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Atherina hepsetus (specific name of type species of Atherina Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1066) ; (iv) tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fistularia tabacaria (specific, name lof type specressenr Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1067) ; (v) cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mugil cephalus (specific name of type species of Mugil Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1068) ; (v1) draco Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Jrachinus draco (specific name of type species of Trachinus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1069) ; (vil) scaber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Uranoscopus scaber (speci- fic name of type species of Uranoscopus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1070) ; DIRECTION 57 369 (viii) gladius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 (specific name of type species of Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. POTAY (ix) sturio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Acipenser sturio (specific name of type species of Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1072) ; (x) /yra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Callionymus lyra (specific name of type species of Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1073) ; (xi) monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Chimaera monstrosa (specific name of type species of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1074) ; (xii) harengus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Clupea harengus (specific name of type species of Clupea Linnaeus, 1758) (Name. No. 1073). : (xil) hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coryphaena hippurus (specific name of type species of Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1076) ; (xiv) /umpus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cyclopterus lumpus (speci- fic name of type species of Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1077) ; (xv) carpio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cyprinus carpio (specific name of type species of Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1078) ; (xvi) morhua Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gadus morhua (specific 370 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS name of type species of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1079) ; (xvil) aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gasterosteus aculeatus (specific name-of type species on Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1080) ; (xviii) niger Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gobius niger (specific name of type species of Gobius Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1081) ; (xix) piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lophius piscatorius (specific name of type species of Lophius Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1082) ; (xx) cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mormyrus cyprinoides (specific name of type species of Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1083) ; (xx1) barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mullus barbatus (speci- fic name of type species of Mullus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1084) ; (xxl) fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Perca fluviatilis (speci- fic name of type species’ of Pere Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1085) ; (xxl) salar Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Salmo salar (specific name of type species of Salmo Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1086) ; (xxiv) scombrus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scomber scombrus (specific name of type species of DIRECTION 57 371 Scomber Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1087) ; (xxv) porcus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpaena porcus (spe- cific name of type species of Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1088) ; (xxv1) glanis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Si/urus glanis (specific name of type species of Silurus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1089) ; (xxvil) acus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Syngnathus acus (specific name of type species of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1090) ; (xxvil) faber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Zeus faber (specific name of type species of Zeus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1091) ; (b) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the “ Official List” by the Ruling given in ** Opinion” 92 :—- (i) ocellaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Blennius ocellaris (spe- cific name of type species of Blennius Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1092) ; (11) /ucius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Esox lucius (specific name of type species of Esox Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1093) ; (ii) barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ophidion barbatus (specific name of type species of Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1094) ; at2 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS (c) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the “ Official List”? by the Ruling given in “‘ Opinion”? 93 :— (1) /avaretus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Salmo lavaretus (specific name of type species of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1095) ; (11) pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as published in the combination Gobius pisonis (specific name of type species of Eleotris Schneider, 1801) (Name No. 1096) ; (i1) marginalis Bloch, 1793, as published in the combination Epinephelus marginalis, (specific name of type species of Epinephelus Bloch, 1793) (Name No. 1097) ; (iv) reticularis Bloch, 1795, as published in the combination Gymnothorax reticularis (specific name of type species of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795) (Name No. 1098) ; (v) electricus Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as pub- lished in the combination Silurus electricus (specific name of type species of Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803) (Name No. 1099) ; (vi) mustelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Squalus mustelus (spe- cific name of type species of Mustelus Linck, 1790) (Name No.1100) ; (vii) paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Polynemus paradiseus (specific name of type species of Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1101) ; DIRECTION 57 6 (viii) cabrilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Perca cabrilla (specific name of type species of Serranus Cuvier, 1817) (Name No. 1102). (3) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Amphibia, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Ruling given in Opinion 92, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers severally specified below :— (a) fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, as published in the com- bination Triturus fuscus (specific name of type species of Desmognathus Baird, (1850)) (Name Ne, 1103):; (b) Jacertina Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Siren lacertina (specific name of type species of Siren Linnaeus, 1766) (Name No. 1104). (4) The under-mentioned specific names of species belonging to the Class Reptilia, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 by the Rulings given in the Opinions severally cited below, are hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Numbers specified in each case against the names in question :— (a) Specific Name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the * Official List” by the Ruling given in “ Opinion” 75: volans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Draco volans (specific name 374 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS of type species of Draco Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1105) ; (b) Specific Names of type species of genera, the names of which were placed on the “ Official List’? by the Ruling given in “* Opinion”? 92 :— (1) serpentina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Testudo serpentina (specific name of type species of Chelydra Schweigger, 1812) (Name No. 1106) ; (ii) horridus Linnaeus, 1858, as published i in the combination Crotalus horridus (spe- cific name of type species of Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1107) ; (iii) coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Testudo coriacea (spe- cific name of type Species Dermochelys Blainville, 1816) (Name No: 1 108) 5 (iv) agilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lacerta agilis (specific name of type species of Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758) (Name No. 1109). (5) The under-mentioned specific name which is cur- rently regarded as a senior subjective synonym of the specific name of the type species of a genus belonging to the Class Amphibia, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the Opinion cited against the name in question is hereby placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with the Name Number specified below :— alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as published in the combination Salamandra alleganiensis (Opinion 92) (Name No. 1110). DIRECTION 57 a7 iY THE SUBIECT MATTER OFTHE PRESENT * DERECTION ” The present Direction has been prepared under a General Directive issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that the specific name of the species which are the type species of genera, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology prior to the opening of that Congress, should, if the oldest available names for the species concerned, be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases there should be placed on that List whatever is currently considered to be the oldest available names for the species concerned. The present which is the fourth in this series of Directions, is concerned with the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. The total number of such generic names is forty-eight. Of these all are dealt with in the present Direction with the exception of the generic name Calamaria Boie, 1826, the consideration of which has, for the reasons explained in paragraph 4 of the present Direction, been postponed for further study. The proposals which formed the basis of the decisions taken by the Commission in the present case were submitted by the Secretary in the following paper on 25th April 1956 :— Proposed addition to the ‘*‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ (a) of the specific names of forty-eight species belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, each of which is the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the ** Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ in the period up to the end of 1936 and (b) of the specific name of one species of the Class Amphibia which is currently treated as a senior subjective synonym of the name of such a species By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) The present paper contains the fourth instalment of proposals for giving effect to the General Directive issued to the International 376 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth Inter- national Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, that in every case where the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 is the oldest available name for the species concerned, that name shall be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology and that in other cases the specific name currently regarded as the oldest available subjective synonym of that name shall be similarly placed on that List. 2. The proposals now submitted relate to the names of the type species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936. In all, sixty-two generic names are involved. The genera so named are dis- tributed among the foregoing Classes as follows : Class Cyclostomata, one genus ; Class Pisces, 48 genera ; Class Amphibia, 3 genera ; Class Reptilia, 10 genera. Details regarding the position of the names belonging to each of these groups are given in the following paragraphs. 3. Class Cyclostomata: No difficulty arises in connection with the specific name of the type species of the only genus belonging to this Class, the name of which has been placed on the Official List (Myxine Linnaeus, 1758) and the specific name of that species should therefore now be placed on the Official List. 4. Class Pisces : In the case of one of the genera of the Class Pisces involved, the specific name of the type species has already been placed on the Official List. The generic name concerned is Echeneis Linnaeus, 1758, which was dealt with by the Commission in Opinion 242. In another case—relating to the reputed generic name Osmerus Linnaeus, 1758—proposals covering inter alia the proposed addition of the specific name of its type species to the Official List are already before the Commission in Application Z.N.(S.) 564 (Hemming, 1955, Bull. zool. Nomencl, 11 : 281—282). In two cases applications have been received from ichthyologists which will, it is hoped, be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature at an early date. Three names are involved in these applications, namely (a) Sciaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Application Z.N.(S.) 850); (b) Stolephorus Lacépéde, 1803, and Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766 (Application Z.N.(S.) 569). In these cases it is proposed that action regarding the addition to the Official List of the specific names of the type species of the genera concerned be deferred until decisions are taken on other outstanding matters concerned with these generic names. Finally, there are four generic names against which no objection has been raised by specialists but which, on the basis of the information so far collected by this Office, appear to call for action by the Commission before the entries in regard to them DIRECTION 57 371 made on the Official List in the period up to the end of 1936 can be regarded as correct. The problems involved in these cases are of two kinds. In one case the name in question, Conger Cuvier, 1817, appears to be a phantom ; in the three other cases (Cottus Linnaeus, 1758 ; Diodon Linnaeus, 1758 ; Muraena Linnaeus, 1758) it appears that the species currently accepted as the type species and adopted as such in the Official List is not the first of the originally included species to have been selected as the type species of the genus in question. Con- sultations are proceeding with representative ichthyologists in regard to these four names (on Commission File Z.N.(S.) 556) and it is proposed in these cases to defer for the present the submission of proposals for the addition to the Official List of the specific names of the species currently accepted as the type species of the genera concerned. 5. It will be seen from the particulars given above that the action required has already been taken in regard to the name of the type species of one of the genera involved, while in eight other cases it is con- sidered that at the present moment it would be premature or otherwise undesirable to place on the Official List the specific name of the type species in question. In the case of the remaining thirty-nine generic names in the Class Pisces investigations carried out by this Office show (a) that the species accepted in the Opinions concerned as the type species of the genera involved are currently accepted as such by specialists, (b) that the species concerned have been validly desig- nated or indicated as the type species of the genera in question and that where the determination of the type species has to be made under Rule (g) in Article 30 (type species by subsequent selection), the species have been validly selected to be the type species of the genera concerned, and (c) that the specific names of the nominal species which are the type species of the genera concerned are the oldest available names for the said species. In these circumstances it is now recommended that the thirty-nine specific names involved should be placed on the Official List. 6. Class Amphibia: The names of the three genera of the Class Amphibia which have been placed on the Official List are all available names and are currently accepted by specialists as the oldest such names for the genera concerned. In each case also the type species has been correctly determined under Article 30 of the Réegles. In the case of two of the genera concerned (Desmognathus Baird, (1850) ; Siren Linnaeus, 1766) the specific name of the type species is the oldest available name for the species concerned and is currently accepted as such. These two specific names should therefore now be placed on the Official List. In the case of the third of the genera involved (Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821) the specific name of the type species (gigantea) is currently regarded as a junior subjective synonym of another name (alleganiensis). In this case it is the specific name which is the senior subjective synonym and not the specific name of the type 378 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS species which under the General Directive issued to the Commission by the International Congress of Zoology should now be placed on the Official List. 7. Class Reptilia : The specific name of the type species of one of the ten genera of the Class Reptilia which have to be considered has already been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The genus concerned is Mabuya Fitzinger, 1826, which was dealt with by the Commission in its Opinion 240. In the case of the name Phrynosoma Wiegmann, 1828, attention has been drawn by a specialist to the existence of certain names which appear to be senior synonyms (Application Z.N.(S.) 399) and it is not desirable that the specific name of the type species of this genus should be dealt with by the Commission until the more general issues raised can also be settled. In the case of a third name, Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, the selection as type species of the species accepted as such in the Official List and currently so accepted by specialists appears to have been anticipated by the selection of a different species. This question is now being investigated in conjunction with interested specialists (Z.N.(S.) 556) and it is not considered that any action is desirable until the present consultations have been concluded. In the case also of the name Alligator Cuvier, 1807, certain difficulties have been noted (Z.N.(S.) 551) and consultations are proceeding with specialists!. In this case also the question of placing the specific name of the type species on the Official List must be left over until comprehensive proposals can be laid before the Commission. 8. No difficulty arises in connection with the remaining six generic names in the Class Reptilia. The names themselves are available names and are currently accepted by specialists as the oldest such names for the genera concerned ; the species currently accepted as the type species of these genera have been correctly determined as such under Article 30 of the Régles, and the specific names for those species are available names and are the oldest such names for the species in question. The specific names of the type species of these six genera should therefore now be placed on the Official List. 9. Summarising the conclusions set forth in the present paper, I recommend that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should :— (1) place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific names specified below, each of which is the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936 :— (a) the specific name of a species of the Class Cyclostomata cited in Section A of Annexe 1 attached hereto ; 1 Proposals for dealing with this question have now been submitted to the International Commission (Hemming, 1956, Bull. zool. Nomencl. 12 : 163-175). DIRECTION 57 379 (b) the thirty-nine specific names of species of the Class Pisces cited in Section B of Annexe | attached hereto ; (c) the two specific names of species of the Class Amphibia cited in Section C of Annexe | attached hereto ; (d) the six specific names of species of the Class Reptilia cited in Section D of Annexe | attached hereto ; (2) place on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology the specific name of a species of the Class Amphibia (being a name currently regarded as a senior subjective synonym of the name of a species which is the type species of a genus the name of which was placed on the Official List cf Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the close of 1936) cited in Annexe 2 attached hereto. ANNEXE | Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of forty-eight specific names of species belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, each of which is the specific name of the type species of a genus, the name of which was placed on the °° Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ ) in the period up to the end of 1936 Specific Name Combination in which Name of genus of proposed to be placed name specified in which species on the *‘ Official List — Col. 1 was originally specified in Col. | of Specific Names in published is the type species Zoology” (1) (2) (3) Section A : Class Cyclostomata (one name) ** Opinion ”’ 75 glutinosa Linnaeus, Myxine glutinosa Myxine Linnaeus, 1758 1758 Section B : Class Pisces (thirty-nine names) ** Opinion *’ 75 tobianus Linnaeus, Ammodytes tobianus | Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758 | 1758 lupus Linnaeus, 1758 = Anarhichas lupus Anarhichas Linnaeus, | | 1758 hepsetus Linnaeus, Atherina hepsetus Atherina Linnaeus, 1758 | 1758 380 Specific name proposed to be placed on the “* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology” (1) tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758 cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 draco Linnaeus, 1758. scaber Linnaeus, 1758 gladius Linnaeus, 1758 sturio Linnaeus, 1758 lyra Linnaeus, 1758 monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758 harengus Linnaeus, 1758 hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 lumpus Linnaeus, 1758 carpio Linnaeus, 1758 morhua Linnaeus, 1758 aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 niger Linnaeus, 1758 piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758 cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1758 barbatus Linnaeus, 1758 fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 salar Linnaeus, 1758 scombrus Linnaeus, 1758 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally published (2) Fistularia tabacaria Musgil cephalus Trachinus draco Uranoscopus scaber Xiphias gladius ** Opinion *’ 77 Acipenser sturio Callionymus lyra Chimaera monstrosa Clupea harengus Coryphaena hippurus Cyclopterus lumpus Cyprinus carpio Gadus morhua Gasterosteus aculeatus Gobius niger Lophius piscatorius Mormyrus cyprinoides Mullus barbatus Perca fluviatilis Salmo salar Scomber scombrus OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758 Mugil Linnaeus, 1758 Trachinus Linnaeus, 1758 Uranoscopus Linnaeus, 1758 Xiphias Linnaeus, 1758 Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758 Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 Cyprinus Linnaeus, i Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758 Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 Perca Linnaeus, 1758 Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 Scomber Linnaeus, 1758 DIRECTION 57 Combination in which name specified in Col. 1 was originally Specific name proposed to be placed on the *‘ Official List of Specific Names in published Zoology” (1) (2) porcus Linnaeus, 1758 Scorpaena porcus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 Silurus glanis acus Linnaeus, 1758 Syngnathus acus faber Linnaeus, 1758 Zeus faber ‘© Opinion *? 92 ocellaris Linnaeus, Blennius ocellaris 1758 lucius Linnaeus, 1758 Esox lucius barbatum Linnaeus, Ophidion barbatum 1758 ** Opinion ”’ 93 lavaretus Linnaeus, Salmo lavaretus 1758 pisonis Gmelin, [1789] Gobius pisonis marginalis Bloch, Epinephelus marginalis reticularis Bloch, Gymnothorax 1795 reticularis electricus Gmelin, Silurus electricus [1789] mustelus Linnaeus, Squalus mustelus 1758 eto Linnaeus, Polynemus paradiseus 17 cabrilla Linnaeus, Perca cabrilla 1758 381 Name of genus of which species specified in Col. | is the type species (3) Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 Blennius Linnaeus, 1758 Esox Linnaeus, 1758 Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758 Eleotris Schneider, 1801 Epinephelus Bloch, 1793 Gymnothorax Bloch, Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803 Mustelus Linck, 1790 Polynemus Linnaeus, 1758 Serranus Cuvier, 1817 Section C : Class Amphibia (two names) ** Opinion ’’ 92 fuscus Rafinesque, Triturus fuscus lacertina Linnaeus, Siren lacertina 1766 Desmognathus Baird, (1850) Siren Linnaeus, 1766 382 OPINIONS AND. DECLARATIONS Specific name Combination in which Name of genus of proposed to be placed name specified in which species on the “* Official List — Col. 1 was originally specified in Col. 1 of Specific Names in published is the type species Zoology ”’ (1) (2) (3) Section D : Class Reptilia (six names) ** Opinion ’’ 75 volans Linnaeus, 1758 Draco volans Draco Linnaeus, 1758 ** Opinion ”’ 92 calamarius Linnaeus, Coluber calamarius Calamaria Boie, 1826 1758 serpentina Linnaeus, Testudo serpentina Chelydra Schweigger 1758 1812 horridus Linnaeus, Crotalus horridus Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 1758 coriacea Linnaeus, Testudo coriacea Dermochelys 1766 Blainville, 1816 agilis Linnaeus, 1758 Lacerta agilis Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758 ANNEXE 2 Proposed addition to the ‘‘ Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ of the specific name of a species of the Class Amphibia which is currently treated as a senior subjective synonym of the name of a species which is the type species of a genus the name of which was placed on the ‘‘ Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ’’ in the period up to the close of 1936 Specific name proposed to be Remarks placed on the “‘ Official List (not for inclusion in the entry to of Specific Names in Zoology ”’. be made in the Official List) (1) (2) alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as a senior subjective synonym of published in the combination gigantea Barton, 1808, as pub- Salamandra alleganiensis. lished in the combination Salamandra gigantea, the specific name of the type species of Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (which was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92). DIRECTION 57 383 2. Registration of the present application : Upon the receipt of Mr. Hemming’s paper the question of the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, the names of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in the period up to the end of 1936 was allotted the Registered Number Z.NA(S.) 1014. Il. THE DECISION TAKEN BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 3. Issue of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 : On 25th April 1956 a Voting Paper (V.P.(O.M.(56)5) was issued in which each Member of the Commission was asked (1) to state whether he agreed “that, in conformity with the General Directives issued to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the Thirteenth International Congress of Zoology, Paris, 1948, regarding the placing on the appropriate Official Lists and Official Indexes of names dealt with in, or otherwise involved in, Opinions rendered prior to 1948, the names of species in the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia referred to in Sections (1) and (2) of paragraph 9 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1014 by the Secretary submitted simultaneously with the present Voting Paper [i.e. in the paragraph numbered as above in the paper reproduced in the first paragraph of the present Direction] be placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as there recommended and that the other action recommended in the said paragraph be similarly approved ”’, and (2), if he did not so agree as regards any given item, to indicate that item. 384 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 4. Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 of the proposal that the specific name ‘‘ calamarius ’’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘‘ Coluber calamarius ’’, be placed on the ‘* Official List of Generic Names in Zoology ”’ to permit of the further study of the interpretation of the nominal species so named : On 2nd May 1956 Mr. Hemming, as Secretary, executed the following Minute withdrawing from the scope of. Voting Paper V.P.(O.M)(56)5 the proposal submitted therewith for the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific name calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coluber calamarius, the specific name of the type species of the genus Ca/amaria Boie, 1826 :— Withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 of the proposal that the specific name ‘‘ calamarius *’ Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination ‘ Coluber calamarius ”’ (Class Reptilia) be placed on the ‘* Official List of Specific Names in Zoology ”’ By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) With their completed copies of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 received in the Office of the Commission today Dr. H. Boschma (Director, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Nether- lands) and Dr. L. B. Holthuis of the same Museum reported that they had been informed by Dr. L. D. Brongersma of the above Museum that there were certain hitherto unsuspected difficulties in the matter of the interpretation of the nominal genus Calamaria Boie, 1826, a genus, the name of which had been placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 92 and on which certain supplementary proposals had been submitted in the paper bearing the Number Z.N.(S.) 1015 issued to the Members of the Commission concurrently with the Voting Paper referred to above. It appeared from the communications so received that the current interpretation of the nominal species Coluber calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, the type species of the foregoing genus and/or of the objectively identical nominal species Calamaria linnaei Boie, 1826, was open to question and that there was at least a possibility that the species to which Linnaeus had given that name was a species at present placed by specialists in a genus far removed from Calamaria Boie. DIRECTION 57 385 2. On the receipt of the communications referred to above I at once executed a Minute? numbered Z.N.(S.) 1015 in which, as Secretary, I withdrew certain proposals relating to the generic name Calamaria Boie from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, in order to permit of the further study of the issues alluded to in the foregoing communications and directed that a new File bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1114 be opened for the prosecution of the study of the issues so reserved for further examination. The same problem arises in connection with the proposals submitted to the Commission with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5, which are closely linked with those submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4, being concerned with the addition to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology of the specific names of the type species of genera belonging to the Classes Cyclostomata, Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia, the names of which were placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology during the period up to the end of 1936, the group of names in respect of which certain preliminary proposals of a miscellaneous character had been submitted with Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4. In these cir- cumstances, as Secretary, I hereby withdraw from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 the proposals in regard to the specific name calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coluber calamarius, submitted therewith and direct that whatever may be found to be the appropriate recommendation on this matter be submitted at the close of the investigations on File Z.N.(S.) 1114 opened for the corresponding investigations arising out of the withdrawal from the scope of Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)4 of the proposals submitted therewith in connection with the generic name Ca/amaria Boie. 5. The Prescribed Voting Period for V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 : As Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5 was issued under the One-Month Rule, the Prescribed Voting Period therefore closed on 25th May 1956. 6. Particulars of the Voting on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.(56)5 : At the close of the Prescribed Voting Period for Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5, the state of the voting on the proposals sub- mitted therewith, other than on that part of those proposals which had been withdrawn from the scope of that Voting Paper by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd May 1956 (the * The text of the Minute here referred to has been reproduced in paragraph 5 of Direction 56 (published in the immediately preceding Part of the present Section of Volume | of the *‘ Opinions and Declarations ”’ Series). 386 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of the present Direction) was as follows :— (a) Affirmative Votes had been given by the following twenty-four (24) Commissioners (arranged in the order in which Votes were received : Holthuis ; Boschma; Stoll; Vokes; Hering; Miller ; Prantl ; Bodenheimer; Cabrera; Esaki; Mayr; do Amaral; Lemche; Hanko; Dymond; Mertens; Key; Jaczewski; Bonnet; Hemming; Sylvester- Bradley ; Riley ; Kuhnelt ; Tortonese ; : (b) Negative Votes : None ; (c) On Leave of Absence, one (1) : Bradley (J.C.) ; (d) Voting Papers net returned : None. 7. Declaration of Result of Vote: On 7th June 1956, Mr. Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission, acting as Returning Officer for the Vote taken on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.) (56)5, signed a Certificate that the Votes cast on that Voting Paper, other than on the proposals in regard to the name calamarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coluber calamarius, submitted therewith, which had been withdrawn from its scope by the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd DIRECTION 57 387 May 1956 (the text of which has been reproduced in paragraph 4 of the present Direction) were as set out in paragraph 6 above and that the proposals submitted with that Voting Paper, other than the proposals so withdrawn, had been duly adopted and that the decision so taken was the decision of the International Commission in the matter aforesaid. 8. Preparation of the Ruling given in the present ‘‘ Direction ”’ : On Ist October 1956, Mr. Hemming prepared the Ruling given in the present Direction and at the same time signed a Certificate that the terms of that Ruling were in complete accord with those of the proposal approved by the International Commission in its vote on Voting Paper V.P.(O.M.)(56)5, subject to the exclusion therefrom of the proposals in regard to the specific name calamarius Linnaeus specified in the Minute executed by the Secretary on 2nd May 1956 referred to in paragraph 7 above. 9. Original References : The original references for the specific names placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in the present Direction have already been noted in connection with the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, the nominal species bearing the names concerned being either (1) the type species of genera, the names of which have been inscribed on that List or (ii), in one case, a nominal species which is currently subjectively identified as representing the same taxon as that represented by a nominal species which is the type species of such a genus. 10. The prescribed procedures were duly complied with by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in dealing with the present case, and the present Direction is accordingly hereby rendered in the name of the said International Commission by the under-signed Francis Hemming, Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, in virtue of all and every the powers conferred upon him in that behalf. 388 OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS 11. The present Direction shall be known as Direction Fifty- Seven (57) of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Done in London, this First day of October, Nineteen Hundred and Fifty-Six. Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature FRANCIS HEMMING Note to Subscribers The next following ‘‘ Direction ’”’ (‘* Direction ’’ 58), which is being published simultaneously with the present ‘‘ Direction ’’, is being issued as Part 21 of Volume 13 of the present Series. Printed in England by MercaLtFe & Cooper LimITED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London EC 2. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, c..G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.19. (Concluding Part) te . LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Three Guineas (All rights reserved) [Issued 10th October, 1957 - ? “ —- aa ‘as rity. OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTER- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Secretary to the Commission VOLUME 1. SECTION D. Part D.19. Pp. 389—470 (also published with this Part : T.P—XIV) CONTENTS Supplementary Directions in regard to two names; Corrigenda ; Subject Index ; Particulars of the dates of publication of the several Parts in which the present volume was published; Instructions to Binders. Also published with this Part: Title Page, Foreword ; Table of Contents. LONDON : Printed by Order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7 1957 Price Three Guineas (All rights reserved) Issued 10th October, 1957 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE COMPOSITION AT THE TIME OF THE ADOPTION OF THE DIRECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE PRESENT SECTION OF VOLUME 1 A. The Officers of the Commission Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl JORDAN (British Museum (Natural History) Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts., England) President: Professor James Chester BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President : Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) B. The Members of the Commission (Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. BoscHMA (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (ist January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel CapreraA (La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis HEMMING (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Henning LEMCHE (Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Teiso EsAKkI (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan) (17th April 1950) Professor Pierre BONNET (Université de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh RILEy (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Tadeusz JACZEwSKI (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Robert MERTENS (Natur-Museum u. Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a.M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Erich Martin HerING (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (Sth July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do AMARAL (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. DyMonpD (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) eer a: a BRADLEY (Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) President Professor Harold E. Voxes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (A2th August 1953) Professor Béla HANKO (Mezdégazdasadgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. STOLL (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Hottuuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. MILLER (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand PRANTL (Ndrodni Museum V Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. Wilhelm KUHNELT (Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. BODENHEIMER (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst MAyrR (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico TORTONESE (Museo di Storia Naturale ‘‘ G. Doria,’’ Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) SUPPLEMENT TO DIRECTION 56 Instructions regarding the generic name ‘‘ Teuthys ”? Linck, 1790 (Class Pisces) and Supplementary Instructions relating to the generic name ** Teuthis ’’ Schneider, 1784 (Class Cephalopoda) MINUTE by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. (Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) In the course of the routine checking of entries made on the Official Lists and Official Indexes by Rulings given by the International Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature during the year now closing my attention has been drawn to two minor matters affecting Direction 56, published on 20th of the current month (Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 1(D) : 337—364), which call for supplementary action by the International Commission. 2. First, I note that by an oversight the name TJeuthys Linck, 1790 (Class Pisces) (Mag. f. Neueste aus der Physik u. Naturgesch. 6(3) : 32) (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Teuthis Linnaeus, 1776, a name placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 93) was omitted from the list of invalid generic names enumerated in Section A of Annexe 2 of the paper bearing the Registered Number Z.N.(S.) 1015 there recommended for addition to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, which formed the basis on which the International Commission took the decisions later embodied in Direction 56. 3. Second, I regret to find that the reputed generic name Teuthis Schneider, 1784 (Class Cephalopoda) which was placed on the foregoing Official Index as Name No. 813 by the Ruling given in the above Direction had already been entered on that Official Index as Name No. 58 by the Ruling given in Opinion 233 (1954, Ops. Decls. int. Comm. zool. Nomencl. 4 : 275—296). 4. In order to make good the omission specified in paragraph 2 above and to correct the error specified in paragraph 3 above, I now, as Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, hereby direct as follows, namely :— (a) that the duplicate entry of Teuthis Schneider, 1784, as Name No. 813 on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in : Zoology made by the Ruling given in Direction 56 be cancelled \ and withdrawn ; Le | (b) that the name Teuthys Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766), a name inadvertently omitted from the names placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Direction 56 be treated as having been entered on the said Official Index by the Ruling given in the foregoing Direction, with the Name No. 813 (a Name Number rendered vacant by the instruction specified in (a) above). (signed) FRANCIS HEMMING Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 31st December 1956 page 6. page 8. page 11. page 17. page 20. page 23. page 24. page 31. page 32. page 34. page 36. page 38. page 40. page 57. page 77. page 159. page 175. page 214. page 246. page 249. page 340. page 371. page 374. Corrigenda Ruling (1)(24), lines 1 and 3 : delete square brackets from around “ 1869 ”’. Ruling (1)(40), lines 1 and 2 : substitute “ cylindrus”’ for ‘* cylindricus ” Ruling (1)(68), lines 1 and 3 : substitute ‘“‘ Zehntner ”’ for “‘ Zehnter ”’. Ruling (1)(121), lines 1 and 4: delete square brackets from around “ 1860 ”’. Ruling (1)(146), first line : substitute ‘“* [1828] ’’ for “‘ 1825 ”’. Ruling (2)(3), first line : substitute ‘‘ 1758” for “ 1767” Ruling (4)(9), first line : delete ““Adams &”’. Line 9 from end, columns 1 and 3 : delete square brackets from around “‘ 1869 ”’. Line 14 from end, columns | and 2: substitute “‘ cylindrus ”’ for “‘ cylindricus ”’. Line 6, column | and line 7, column 3 : substitute ‘‘ Zehntner ”’ for ‘‘ Zehnter ”’. Third line from end, column 3 : delete square brackets from around ‘“ 1860’. Line 19, column 1 : substitute “‘ [1828] ”’ for ‘“‘ 1825 ”’. Second entry, column |, first line and column 2, second line : substitute ** 1758 ” for “1767 ”’. Ruling (3)(k), entries (a) (b) and (c): insert ‘“‘ Milne Edwards &”’’ before = Emeas **. Section B, 2, first line : substitute “‘ pennanti”’ for ‘“* ponnanti”’. Ruling (3)(f)(@ii) : substitute “121” for “12”. Ruling (1)(20), first line : substitute “‘ novaehollandiae ” for ** novae-hollandiae ”’ Line 3 from end : substitute ‘‘ 1828” for “‘ 1838 ”’. Ruling (3)(b) : delete square brackets from around “‘ 1815’. Paragraph 5, lines 12 and 19: substitute “‘ XL” for “‘ XI”’. Ruling (2)(vii), second line : substitute “ 1864” for “‘ 1863’. Ruling (2)(b)(iii), lines 1 and 2 : substitute “‘ barbatum”’ for “* barbatus ” Ruling (4)(b)(i1), line 1 : substitute “‘ 1758” for ‘** 1858”. jy al Feri Bet bie? thas sn Dee oweunte dirty Bs 4 da A ~, Baio CEL Sela aed Sindh AR MY iS F : si |* sei f tee \ eee rs oh 4 7 7 L di " f eid i Sach ¥2 al) aby deds id big y age Diya wy RH ~sarlulpdoeed. soe + £ it 4 > = 1.) e - My al apes “ve =e War Lf Wiedes Dane ent a os C1 ' 4 i ‘ J east 2 ¥4 | Sng inthe , } a7 aise ISTD steps) rede. , ets - ay Ba ) slieivaAtiaa 4 a ta) coe bd A it al Vil eee aly a8 Wobais yur bos Ra Ted ran) we OT) ae mA , Yi in sf ] * ‘ ‘ P - wen . j | mitt a: “oye ‘ie Rep gale distlen, He at * ts ie Be Bs ae an or Acanthopus Latreille, 1829 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807) placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 464 , wa i y a the BY bs a. + Acanthopus de Haan, [1835] (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 465 s4 fe Me =. a: ce a Be Es 3 Acanthopus Muenster, 1839 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 466 .. Be ae ee ee wi oa a5 ie Age es Acanthopus Giebel, 1872 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 467 .. =e ok ee 5. a - oy a ae a, Acanthopus Vernet, 1877 (a junior homonym of Acanthopus Klug, 1807), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 468 .. we 2 me ae ek a ap Re ~ ae x Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 77) a me fy: ite Lg Me oe Acipenses Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Acipenser Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 765 A ie ie i aM oe iM a ie 395 Page 180 a7 57 Si 58 58 58 58 58 339 342 396 Opinions and Declarations Acmaeopleura Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order sears 0 awsety of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : ae Lf i : ; a Actaea de Haan, [1833] eer Crustacea, Order kc bi: sie cian pou of one given in Opinion a3 ‘ Actumnus Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Pecenoda): completion of Se given in Opinion 73 , ne oe js : i ee é : aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gasterosteus aculeatus (Class Pisces), placed on the ee List ss ee Names in ea. with Name No. 1080 acus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Syngnathus acus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1090 : admete Herbst, [1803], as published in the combination Cancer admete (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), sain on the Bis ion List na sil: Names in Zoology with Name No. 834 .. Aegithia Blyth, 1860 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aegithina Vieillot, 1816), placed on the Official Index of cae and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 3527 =. aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer aeneus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bires on the , ee List a Spe Names in Zoology with Name No. 931 .. aethereus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phaethon aethereus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 995 Agasoma Gabb, [1869] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List ue Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 121, determination of gender of ; agassizii Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Eucratodes agassizii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Saar on the ae List “ be Names in Zoology with Name No. 856 agilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lacerta agilis (Class Reptilia), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1109 _ .. agilis Milne Edwards (A.), 1872, as published in the combination Hydrothelphusa agilis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), rae on the mee List S ore Names in Zoology with Name No. 801 Aix Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Aia Eyton, 1838, and a junior homonym of Aix Boie, 1828), placed on the eee Index Ke Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 528 : Alauda Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), correction of reference for yo a pee’ of (correction of Opinion 67) 46 Ai he, he : : Page 50 53 a 370 371 11 214 22 178 159 14 374 214 213 Volume 1, Section D Alauda Daudin, 1816 (a junior homonym of Alauda Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 529 albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Falco albicilla (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1028 alcocki Wood-Mason, 1891, as published in the combination Parilia alcocki (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), epee on the eae List ee i a Names in Zoology with Name No. 820 .. ‘ : alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as published in the combination Salamandra alleganiensis (Class Amphibia), placed on the ies cia iCist een each Names in Zoology with Name No. 1110 .. a alleghaniensis Harlan, 1825, as published in the combination Abranchus alleghaniensis (an Invalid Emendation of alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], as published in the combination Salamandra alleganiensis), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 366 a ; Amblyomma Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Sleaaes List ee Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of. . americana Saussure, 1857, as published in the combination Pseudothelphusa americana (Class ‘Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peers on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 829 americanus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus americanus (Class Aves), placed on the ce List aoy SPER Names in n Paie? with Name No. 974 .. amica Smith (S.I.), as published in the combination Hepatella amica (Class Crustacea, _ Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1870 to 1869 oneeren of cid placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 797 Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 (a name published in a work rejected for nomen- clatorial purposes), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 518 : Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831 (a junior homonym of Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index me ae and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 766 .. Anarhicas Latreille, 1804 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Anarhichas Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index ack mee a and Invalid Generic Names in Z Zoology with Name No. 767 oe Ancylostoma Dubini, 1843 (Class Nematoda), placed on the eta List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of andreossyi Audouin, [1826], as published in the combination Pilumnus andreossyi (Class Crustacea, ‘Order Decapoda), Blaceta: on the ances List Z Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 786.. 374 347 176 86 342 343 398 Opinions and Declarations angulatus Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Cyrtograpsus angulatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ea on the is ei List ~ aes Names in Zoology with Name No. 851 .. ani Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Crotophaga ani (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 977 i annulicornis Leach, [1815], as published in the combination Pandalus annulicornis (a junior objective synonym of montagui [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Pandalus montagui), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 356 : - - Anodonta Lamarck, 1799 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the sey List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of , anomalipes Miers, 1881, as published in the combination Thaumastoplax anomalipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pees on the ote’ List ag Pies ie Names in Zoology with Name No. 924.. Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Off cial List eo Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of : Antedon Fréminville, 1811 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the Cis List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : Anthocoris Fallén, 1814 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List se Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778), placed on the Official Index “~ inert and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 530.. Aptenodites Lesson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778), placed on the Official Index an ee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 531 : Aptenodyta Gmelin (J.F.), 1788 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Aptenodytes Miller, 1778), placed on the Ts Index ge Race and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 532. Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index a Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 533 so aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Rallus aquaticus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1004 aracari Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ramphastos aracari (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1002 Arcella Ehrenberg, [1830] (Class Rhizopoda), placed on the sear: List et Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of Page 13 176 246 158 at 157 158 141 2tS 215 215 213 173 173 156 Volume 1, Section D ardeola Paykull, 1805, as published in the combination Dromas ardeola (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 979 : Argas Latreille, 1795 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of fg aye ar iS Argonauta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of * se bet argus Temminck, 1807, as published in the combination Polyplectron argus (a junior objective synonym of bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Pavo bicalcaratus), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 343 cee e 6 a ae ae Armadillidium Brandt & Ratzeburg, [1831] (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of armata Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Banareia armata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 773.. ts as ore fs an a r: armatus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Potamocarcinus armatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 826 ee ae a oe me Ee arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Alauda arvensis (Class Aves), placed on the Official List oy Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 954 Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of Se ni a Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; oe a - Be ad ze Abe Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884 (a junior homonym of Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 469... ee 1 fe va ish Ae - Asthenognathus Broom, 1915 (a junior homonym of Asthenognathus Stimpson, 1858), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 470... ah aa a zr in 7 ay Atergatis de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73 ne te ie 40 th ah ra Me é4 Atergatopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1862 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correc- tion of date of type species of (correction of Opinion 73) .. ae e ae Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872 (a junior homonym of Aulacorhynchus Gould, 1834), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Z oology with Name No. 534 .. ue s, sa st ae a ey, ay “ 399 Page 176 142 156 219 50 58 58 53 35 Ales, 400 Opinions and Declarations aura Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Vultur aura (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 966 auratus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus auratus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 976 auritus Gray (J.E.), 1829, as published in the combination Podargus auritus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 962 australis Shaw, 1813, as published in the combination Apteryx australis (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 957 Avicularia Lamarck, 1818 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of As avosetta Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Recurvirostra avosetta (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1005 ; . * ee: as + nF an < Se, balansae Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Clistocoeloma balansae (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 850 ae 4. - eh i *: barbatum Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ophidion barbatum (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1094 harbatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mullus barbatus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1084 ch oe oy + ae ae oe! bes sa Ae barbiger Poeppig, 1836, as published in the combination Gecarcinus barbiger (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 942 _ .. a: Hs oe oF =e sh a Bathycrinus Thomson, 1872 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of SF a Bathynectes Stimpson (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1871 to [1871], and of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion Bathynectes Guenther, 1878 (a junior homonym of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871)]), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 471 26 ai: e ud va ia Ye oe za Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913 (a junior homonym of Bathynectes Stimpson, [1871)]), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 472 oe = ae i ee he a a ae Bathyplax Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), com- pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 * is yi 2 Page 175 176 175 174 143 179 13 37 370 2a 156 54 58 58 50 Volume 1, Section D bedoti Zehntner, 1894, as published in the combination Sphaerocarcinus bedoti (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aii on the soma’ List = pace hg Names in Zoology with Name No. 832.. bella Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Xantho bellas(Class Crustacea, Order Sigg is ean on the aging List — sd Names in sit with Name No. 880 Bellia Bate, 1851 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848), placed on the Official Index eh aka and Invalid Generic Names in Cee Se with Name No. 473 Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848), placed on the Official Index nae sik ik and Invalid Generic Names in eo with Name No. 474 .. Bellia Tutt, 1902 (a junior homonym of Bellia Milne Edwards (H.), 1848), placed on the Official Index ee eas and Invalid Generic Names in Oey with Name No. 475 ... bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758 (Pavo) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively identical with Polyplectron argus Temminck, lad: Pe peel of rilesiir Temminck, 1807, under Declaration 21 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1022 bicornis Gray (J.E.), 1831, as published in the combination Gomeza bicornis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), cae on the Peek List ee ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 866... bidentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Xanthodes bidentatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Be on the eee List ca epee Names in Zoology with Name No. 922 bispinosa Kinahan, 1856, as published in the combination Litocheira bispinosa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pisea on the ee List ee) au Names in Zoology with Name No. 879... ; bispinosus Herbst, [1783], as published in the combination Cancer bispinosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), bipses io on the sue List iid pee Names in Zoology with Name No. 862... ; Blatta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Blennius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92 .. Bolten (J.F.), ruled not to be accepted as the author of the Museum Boltenianum, 1798. See Roding (P.F.). Botryilus Gaertner, 1774 (Class Urochorda), placed on the cneent List co Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of : 16 58 58 58 182 jl | 16 14 143 341 156 402 Opinions and Declarations Brotogerys Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Brotogeris Vigors, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 535... A ae =. ¥ a aa if Buccinum Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of 4 a ee Bursaria Miiller, 1773 (Class Ciliata), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ‘ ue a. bh cabrilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Perca cabrilla (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1102... caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], as published in the combination Falco caeruleus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1026 fe Be is 9 a ce a ae oF is Calamaria Boie (Class Reptilia), correction of date of, from 1827 to 1826 (correctio of Opinion 92) .. = ae ~ te ae ie ch at i, Calliongmus Linck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 768.. ¢ s a, si hie ‘S Et Callionimus Gouan, 1770 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 769.. ae *: ~ sn ay ae oS Callionymus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Calyptraea Lamarck, 1799 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of . aH i Camptandrium Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 re 5 oe Re! ¥ be ae Ma Camptoplax Miers, 1884 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ae = Le ne as x ee Ee ar Capella Frenzel, 1801 (a name published in synonymy without an independent description), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 522.. 236 Re “s ae ap is te Capella Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (a junior objective synonym of Rupicapra Blainville, 1816), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 523 tr: i bee ay ae De: Caphyra Guérin-Méneville (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1830 to 1832, and of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 73) 4 Eo a 5 is = “i a Page 215 159 156 183 342 343 343 BRbY 157 50 50 97 oF 54 Volume 1, Section D Caphyra Barrande, 1846 (a junior homonym of Caphyra Guérin-Méneville, 1832), placed on the Official Index esi sea and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 476 . Capito Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of Capito Vieillot, 1816), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 536 carinata Ortmann, 1894, as published in the combination Pseudopinnixa carinata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eee on the cc cee List oe ae Names in Zoology with Name No. 909... carinipes Heller, 1861, as published in the combination Zozymodes carinipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ee on the hase List sie ae Names in Zoology with Name No. 932... ; carinipes de Man, 1889, as published in the combination Durckheimia carinipes (Class Crustacea, Order eee oe on the aaa List 8 plate Names in Zoology with Name No. 853. carolinensis Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Speocarcinus carolinensis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bees on the Ree List xe spree Names in Zoology with Name No. 920.. carpio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cyprinus carpio (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1078 - i A e, oF a Me s 5 os AP Catharthes d’Orbigny, [1835] (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Cathartes Illiger, 1811), placed on the ee Index a leiden and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 537. Catoptrus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870 ran Crustacea, Order rr abe saa of Ruling given in Opinion 85 . Centrocerus Fitzinger, 1843 (a junior homonym of Centrocercus Swainson, 1832), placed on the Official Index eee pera and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 538 he : Cephalopterus Risso, 1810 (a junior homonym of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809), placed on the Official Index age estat and Invalid Generic Names in erica with Name No. 539 : Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870 (a junior homonym of Cephalopterus Geoffroy, 1809), placed on the Official Index ies eer and Invalid Generic Names in eee with Name No. 540 .. cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mugil cephalus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1068 ae ae = af ed a a: «8 a we ore Cephenemyia Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of 403 Page 58 215 20 22 13 21 369 215 50 215 215 215 368 143 404 Opinions and Declarations Ceratoplax Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; $ cae ts a 7 oe ke Cerion Roding, 1798 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 119, determination of gender of 2. ot a cessacii Milne Edwards (A.), 1878, as published in the combination Epimelus cessacit (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 792.. 4 a aa re. - ee ie chalybata Forster, 1781 (Paradisea |sic]) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively identical with Manucodia chalybea Boddaert, 1783), type species of Manucodia Boddaert, 1783, under Declaration 21 Ae ae Me is es A placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1019 chalybea Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Manucodia chalybea (a junior objective synonym of chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the com- bination Paradisea [sic] chalybata), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names im Zoology with Name No. 344 ay :@ chalybeata Stiles, 1916, as published in the combination Paradisea chalybeata (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for chalybata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] chalybata), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 345 58 Ad 2 Chasmagnathus de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 255 an a im rr 2 As i Chasmocarcinus Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 be at + = + a ak a Chauna Loew, 1847 (a junior homonym of Chauna Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 541 chavaria Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Parra chavaria (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 970 cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, as published in the combination Cancer cheiragonus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 939. *: sis a oe se ae ahs Cheyletus Latreille, 1796 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of De a ee chilensis Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination Corystoides chilensis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 783 o Ne ae on Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 77) .. ay Ry of 3 ae ay a Page 182 PANS, 219 50 49 215 175 23 142 339 Volume 1, Section D Chimaera Poli, 1791 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index af PapoKe and Invalid Generic Names in in Zoology with Name No. 770 ; Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of ccm: and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 771 Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858 (a junior homonym of Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index Zt Release and Invalid Generic Names in mae with Name No. 772 chimaera Rothschild, 1895, as published in the combination Uratelornis chimaera (Class Aves), placed on the Be cite List acd aes Names in nae see with Name No. 1015 Chimaira Duméril, 1856 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Chimaera Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index ee eee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 773... Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 477... Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73... ae = Pe Chorioptes Gervais & van Beneden, 1859 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of chrysocephala Lewin, 1808, as published in the combination Meliphaga chrysocephala (Class Aves), placed on the oe List sid gees, Names in a with Name No. 1006 Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837 (a junior homonym of Chrysolophus Gray (J.E.), [1833—1834)), placed on the Official Index of Beles and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 542.. As ciliatus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Ceratoplax ciliatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Se a on the een List ve Pigg igi Names in Zoology with Name No. 848... , Cimex Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the unde List oh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 81, determination of gender of ; cinctimanus White, as published in the combination Carpilius cinctimanus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 85) a : a Ae re ¥ we ne eo placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 877 cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ardea cinerea (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 959 ; 405 Page 343 343 343 181 343 58 53 142 180 216 13 141 24 16 174 406 Opinions and Declarations Clamator Blyth, 1852 (a junior homonym of Clamator Kaup, 1829), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 543 Clausilia Draparnaud, [1805] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 119, determination of gender of sh Clavelina Savigny, 1816 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of a ® ts Clistocoeloma Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), com- pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 Ne 30: = ae we vs Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Coerebra Boie, 1826 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Coereba Vieillot, 1816), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 544 =e ape ae te au ihe a is “2 Columba Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 1015, with Columba oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as type species Ee a a “3 a we wy oe ive aa ar gender of name Columbella Lamarck, 1799 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of By ee - Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Colymbus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 520 .. ae of 4 Lv a = a3 Columbus ({ Tunstall], 1771, (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Columba Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 519... Se nt. ste ak ie Je fe communis Bonnaterre, 1791, as published in the combination Coturnix communis (a junior objective synonym of coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination on Jetrao coturnix), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 346 Se ae 3 ae convexus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Ruppeliioides convexus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 916 fi if =n: - eC) a coppingeri Miers, 1884, as published in the combination Camptoplax coppingeri (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 846.. Ay sek As as aS a oy corallinus Faxon, 1893, as published in the combination Trachycarcinus corailinus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 837.. RG a ee ae Ss a Hy Page 216 158 158 50 340 216 86 86 157 86 86 219 20 12 11 Volume 1, Section D Coregonus Lacépéde, 1803 (a junior homonym of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index es asia and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 774 Coregonus Jarocki, 1822 (a junior homonym of Coregonus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index oe oe and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 775 coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Testudo coriacea (Class Reptilia), placed ¢ on the gee List a Se eaeoles Names in Seen with Name No. 1108 Coriudo Fleming, 1822 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816), placed on the Official Index gal Bee ae and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 776 coronata Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published in the combination Randallia coronata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pads on the ene List oo ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 821 Coryhaena, attributed to Linnaeus, 1758, and placed on the Official List of Generic 407 Page 343 343 374 343 10 Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 77, correction of, to Coryphaena 341-342 attribution of, to Stiles, 1922, and addition of, to the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 777 as an Erroneous Sub- sequent Spelling oe oe ee a 7. uC : a Coryphaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Coryphaena Coues, 1889 (a nomen nudum), placed on the ees Index oy ae and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 778. Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790 (Class ae: Tetrao coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, BPE species of, under Declaration 21 ? de ane a : : Ay: Coturnix Cuvier, 1800 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Oigah Index ney cies and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 545 coturnix Linnaeus, 1758 (Tetrao) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively identical with Coturnix communis Bonnaterre, ee type seers of Coturnix Bonnaterre, 1790, under Declaration 21 . = m5 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1016 crassimanus Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Eucrate crassimanus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the anaes List Sia picasiin Names in Zoology with Name No. 857... crassipes Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Phiyxia crassipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eee on the oma Dist yee pEeCe S Names in Zoology with Name No. 822 .. : 343 340 343 181 216 181 182 14 10 408 Opinions and Declarations crassum Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Samartium crassum (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 917... me ae ie fs i ae 4 crenatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Eucrate) crenatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 855.. on Me A - x2 es ye crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psophia crepitans (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1001 cribrarius Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Portunus cribrarius (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 770 .. ne Mee =i age - is ba cristata Pallas, 1764, as published in the combination Columba cristata (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1027 cristatus Shaw in White, [August] 1790, as published in the combination Caprimulgus cristatus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1024 .. SH ay a a me Re he ys bp? Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92 Cryptobranchus Leuckart, 1821 (Class Amphibia), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of ; a cubensis Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Epilobocera cubensis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 791.. 4. pe si 2 a He Sy cumingii Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Lithadia cumingii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 807 : uf AY ei Pre am 14 ie cupulifer Latreille, 1825, as published in the combination Pilumnus cupulifer (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 906 ‘ iA By o. se Pe and Cyclodius Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73 E a Ee se ™ - a we xe v Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 77) .. uf ha ete or oe te ae Cyclopterus Marseul, 1872 (a junior homonym of Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 779 : Ne 8 A = a2 - a a cylindricum Say, 1818, as published in the combination Pinnotheres cylindricum (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 901.. Ee a a ae % a. Le Page Z1 13 179 183 341 By 19 53 339 344 19 Volume 1, Section D cylindrus Fabricius, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer cylindrus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eecaet on the occlu List ae sl Names in Zoology with Name No. 804 _ .. Cymo de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order in taba ee correction of date of type species of (correction of Opinion 73) on cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Mormyrus cyprinoides ag Pisces), placed on the Pie List pis ee Names in bo with Name o. 1083 Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77.. Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851 eon Crustacea, Order Sane aber eee of Rue given in Opinion 85 Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867 (a junior homonym of Cyrtograpsus Dana, 1851), placed on the Official Index a gta and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 478 pie danae Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Goniosoma danae (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Deen on the pears List os ae Names in Zoology with Name No. 836.. Davainea Blanchard & Railliet, 1891 (Class Cestoda), placed on the ies List e Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 84, determination of gender of deplanatus Cano, 1889, as published in the combination Euryetisus deplanatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Lapa on the ie Ses List - 5 nie Names in Zoology with Name No. 858... F : depressa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Panoplax depressa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ees on the Bi satus List os ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 892.. Demodex Owen, 1843 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List at Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ; Dendryphantes Koch, 1837 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List - Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of : Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Scaphopoda), placed on the aed ate List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of dentata Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Nursilia dentata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pees on the ee East ie ee Names in Trees with Name No. 813... denticulatus Montagu, 1808, as published in the combination Cancer denticulatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sad on the el ee List n pes Names in Zoology with Name No. 823. Page 370 340 50 59 De Py, 14 18 142 142 10 410 Opinions and Declarations Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official list ay Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : Dermanyssus Dugés, 1834 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816), placed on the Official Index vA Beecie and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 780 t : Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dermochelys, Blainville, 1816), placed on the Official Index of adc and Invalid Generic Names in "Zoology with Name No. 781 a Dermochelys Blainville, 1816 poigeae a dah pomEleee of Rue eet in CRE 92) : Desmognathus Baird (Class Amphibia), correction of date of, from 1849 to (1850) (correction of Opinion 92) and completion of Ruhue a in that Opinion for type species of oe oe o i : ' ve ae a Diaptomus Westwood, 1836 (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List ot Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Diazona Savigny, 1816 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of : Dicrocoelium Dujardin, [1844] (Class Trematoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of ; dilatipes Adams & White, [1849], as published in the combination Pilumnus dilatipes (Class Crustacea, Order ae abel on the ihe List pains Names in Zoology with Name No. 881. Diodon O’ Reilly, 1818 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 782 Diodon Lesson, 1828 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 783 Diodon Lesson, 1830 (a junior homonym of Diodon Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 784 Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Lila List ee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of. . Dissodactylus Smith (S.1.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order 1 Deen comple of Ruling given in Opinion 85 as : Distaplia Della Valle, 1881 (Class Urochorda), placed on the SS List o Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of.. Page 142 142 344 344 342 341 142 158 159 16 344 344 344 159 50 158 Volume 1, Section D doliatus Linnaeus, 1764, as published in the combination Lanius doliatus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1014 DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE, placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Pans Group Names in Zoology with Name No. 87. ie se ie: o , DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809 (an Invalid Original Spelling for DOLICHOPODIDAE), placed on the Official Index of he pp and ia a ae Names in Zoology with Name No. 85 DOLICHOPODIDAE (correction of DOLICHOPODES) Latreille, 1809 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), placed on the Official List of Family- Group Names in FD with Name No. 98, with Dolichopus Latreille, 1796, as type genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in sia t with Name No. 1035, with Musca pemsaae as OE species é gender of name Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856] (a junior homonym of Dolichopus Latreille, 1796), placed on the Official Index ES las and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 752... DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for DOLICHOPO- DIDAE), placed on the Official Index of Baeiee and Invalid ey: ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 86 a Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Dolichopus Latreille, 1796), placed on the Gian Index eh Heseied and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 753. dovii Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Euphylax dovii (Class Crus- tacea, Order Decapoda), es on the ne dais List o Spe Names in ie with Name No. 795 Hee Draco Gouan, 1770 (a junior homonym of Draco Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 785 Draco Oken, 1816 (a junior homonym of Draco Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 786 draco Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Trachinus draco (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1069 a: ae of hs ee 4. a ate 33 ae en Dracunculus Reichard, 1759 (Class Nematoda), placed on the ae List ee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of F Durckheimia de Man, 1889 (Class Crustacea, Order corn eat a a a of Ruling given in Opinion 85 411 Page 180 269 268 268 267 267 268 269 268 344 344 368 155 49 412 Opinions and Declarations Dysdera Latreille, [1804] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List cag Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Ebalia Leach, [1817] Socios Crustacea, Order Drape, ne of ae given in Opinion 5) Cf Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 (Class Cestoda), placed on the aiciasd List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of ; Ectobius Stephens, 1835 (Class Insecta), placed on the ee List se Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (Class Sporozoa), placed on the Official List ae Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of electricus Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], as published in the combination Silurus electricus (Class Pisces), 2 ate on the phe List eon phic Names in aes with Name No. 1099 elegans Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, as published in the combination Psittacus elegans (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1033 Eleotris Gronovius, 1763 (a name published in a work rejected for nomenclatorial purposes), placed on the Official Index gies a tak and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 787 3 Eleotris Schneider, 1801 (Class Pisces), correction of entry on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 93) .. me Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 (Class Chaetopoda), placed on the Official List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Epixanthus Heller, 1861 aa Crustacea, Order eatecapeda COmR eee of Peon given in Opinion 85 : : Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 (Class Reptilia), placed on the FS desist East le Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 92, determination of gender of eremita Nobili, 1906, as published in the combination Dacryopilumnus eremita (Class Crustacea, Order eer ate? | ede on the Se List bf oe Names in Zoology with Name No. 787. erinaceus Fabricius, 1787, as published in the combination Cancer erinaceus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), bigced.£ on the Pi List oh Species Names in Zoology with Name No: 768"... : hes erithacus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Psittacus erithacus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1000 Page 143 a2 155 141 156 372 184 344 342 155 50 S12 179 Volume 1, Section D erosa Miers, [1877], as published in the combination Actaeomorpha erosa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pein on the kia List sie eveniens Names in Zoology with Name No. 766... 2 Esox Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92 euagora de Man, 1895, as published in the combination Parapanope euagora (Class Crustacea Order Decapoda), ples on the gree List oct eee) Names in Zoology with Name No. 894. Euchirograpsus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 Soa ck Crustacea, Order pa ge com- pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 Eucrate Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index ie Re re and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 479 Eucrate de Haan, [1835] eee ge nen Order ae mooie of Pula given in Opinion 85 : Eucratodes Milne Edwards (A.), 1880 Ce aioe Crustacea, Order ep. com- pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85. Eucratopsis Smith (S.1.), 1869 (Class po chai Order Ee hetara he of Ruling given in Opinion 85 fe eudactylus Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Myrodes eudactylus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eae on the mee List nee species! Names in Zoology with Name No. 810... ; europaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sitta europaea (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1007 Euryetisus Cano, 1889 ees Crustacea, Order toes age of Weare given in Opinion 85 ae ret ‘ ‘ ; Eurylaemus Gloger, 1841 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurylaimus Hors- field, 1821), placed on the Official Index Hs aes and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 548... Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821), placed on the Official Index es ta igh and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 546 ee ; Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821 (Class ao Platalea Pee Linnaeus, 1758, HES species of, under Declaration 21 Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, 1852 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurynorhynchus Nilsson, 1821), placed on the Official Index ee er and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 547 es Euryplax Stimpson, 1859 Seis Cee Order De aa conmpiruong of ee given in Opinion 85 50 59 50 50 50 180 49 216 216 181 216 50 414 Opinions and Declarations Euryplax Klapalek, 1909 (a junior homonym of Euryplax Stimpson, 1859), placed on the Official Index ain bad and Invalid Generic Names in aes with Name No. 480 ‘ : Eurypygia Swainson, 1837 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Eurypyga Illiger, 1811), placed on ‘the Official Index a = claus and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 549... Eurytium Stimpson, 1859 es Crustacea, Order saownimies: pommlenente of ee given in Opinion 85 3 exaratus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Chlorodius exaratus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Daa on the Sail List - Spee Names in Zoology with Name No. 874 excelsus Heller, 1862, as published in the combination Perigrapsus exceisus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peeery on the ae List As ake Names in Zoology with Name No. 897... excubitor Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lanius excubitor (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 988 exulans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Diomedea exulans (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 978 faber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Zeus faber (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1091 Fabia Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order prom a eames of vena given in Opinion 85 : 3 fallax Henderson, 1893, as published in the combination Ebalia fallax (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Oe on the peer List oo cme Names in Zoology with Name No. 798... , Be Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Trematoda), placed on the Hane List ah Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 84, determination of gender of : Filaria Miller, 1787 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List Zh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Fistularia Forskal, 1775 (a junior homonym of Fistu/aria Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index pak es and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 788 .. Fistularia Miller (O.F.), 1776 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index ia Reteatnd and Invalid Generic Names in ZOE, with Name No. 789 q: Fistularia Lamarck, 1816 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index we Releoted and Invalid Generic Names in Pekan: with Name No. 790 .. Page 59 216 49 16 18 177 176 Sv 157 344 344 344 Volume 1, Section D Fistularia Blainville, 1830 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758), placed oe the adaere Index a Rice and ae Generic Names in ne Gomes with ame No os P Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841 (a junior homonym of Fistularia Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index s acike and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 792... flaveola Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Certhia flaveola (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 975 fluvialis Savigny, 1809, as published in the combination Pandion fluvialis (a junior objective synonym of haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Falco haliaetus), placed on the Official Index of Reece and Invalid Rees Names in Zoology with Name No. 347 ‘ fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Perca fluviatilis (Class Pisces), placed on the Official 1 List of Bae Names in Bee ase with Name No. 1085 fe fluviatilis Latreille, as published in the combination Trichodactylus fluviatilis (Class Crustacea, Order Pecenoee): correction of date of, from 1825 to ee en ection of Opinion 73) F as i. sy f oe placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 839 Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ee Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of , formosus Latham, 1790, as published in the combination Psittacus formosus (a junior primary homonym of formosus Scopoli, 1769, as published in the combina- tion Psittacus formosus), placed on the as Index oe eee and Invalid Names in Zoology with Name No. 348 é ~ fragifer de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Halimede) fragifer (Class Crustacea, Order age od Bee on the yale at EISt "3 ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 867. frontalis Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Ozius frontalis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bae on the Onett List of pregnG Names in Zoology with Name No. 940.. fulica Boddaert, 1783 (Colymbus) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively identical with Heliornis fulicarius Bonnaterre, NOR type species of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790, under Declaration 21 ; : F » , Ab placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1018 fulicarius Bonnaterre, 1790, as published in the combination Heliornis fulicarius (a junior objective synonym of fulica Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Colymbus fulica), placed on the Official Index of patie and Invalid EAP ecane Names in Zoology with Name No. 349 Fulmarus Stephens, 1826 (Class Aves), correction of reference for nee ae of (correction of Opinion 67) es ee a3 - ; : 415 Page 344 345 176 Pale 370 24 12 143 219 15 23. 181 182 220 213 416 Opinions and Declarations fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, as published in the combination Triturus fuscus (Class Amphibia), ana on the eas oe List Ses sai baa Names in ee with Name No. 1103 : Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Gadus Dejean, 1821 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 793 Gadus Rang, 1829 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 794 Gadus Deshayes, 1861 (a junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 795 galbula Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Oriolus galbula (a junior objective synonym of oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coracias oriolus), placed on the Offi cial Index of Re ae and Invalid es Names in Zoology with Name No. 350 : Galene de Haan, [1833] Goa: Crustacea, Order Desaheda), comple of eae given in Opinion 85 ; , Gallinago Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), substitution of, on the eile: ist s Generic Names in Zoology i in place of Gallinago Koch, 1816 ae Gallinago Koch, 1816, removal of, from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 67, and insertion of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as a junior homonym of, and a junior objective synonym of, Gallinago Brisson, 1760, with Name No. 521 gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago (Class Aves), placed on the Official List ef Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 945 Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of : gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gammarus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placeec on the gene List Bl Speen Names in Zoology with Name No. 1059 .. Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847 (a junior homonym of Gampsonyx Vigors, 1825), placed on the Official Index a vis pleas and Invalid Generic Names in pee with Name No. 550 ; ; garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Ardea garzetta (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 980 Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Page 373 340 345 345 345 220 50 OF 97 oF 142 295 216 177 141 340 Volume 1, Section D Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 (Class Trematoda), placed on the ioe List ih Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of : gaudichaudii Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Platymera gaudichaudii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bere on the ssi List He Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 824 : gayi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], as published in the combination Acanthocyclus gayi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), re on the pa List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 765 F : Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Gecarcinucus Milne Edwards (H.), 1844), placed on the A ae Index a ee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 481 Geryon Kreyer, 1837 es Crustacea, Order peer Oe) has wena of f Rue given in Opinion 85 , 4 gigas Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer gigas (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), See on the Pe isi List me aa Names in siege with Name No. 908 _ .. : glaber Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Ptychognathus glaber (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sears on the Ags List a Se Names in Zoology with Name No. 912... a glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Procellaria glacialis (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 983 gladius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Xiphias gladius (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1071 Me ey: a ee = nfs ms As a ce ae glandarius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cuculus glandarius (Class Aves), placed on the Open List en See? Names in aoe with Name No. 973... glanis Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Silurus glanis (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1089 _ . glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Myxine glutinosa (Class Cyclostomata), placed on the peat List of ea a Names in ie with Name No. 1063 Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List oy Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ‘ Glyptograpsus Smith (S.1.), 1870 oat Crustacea, Order ie pee aii of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. Glyptoplax Smith (S.1.), 1870 (Class Crustacea, Order arias a of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ie : ; a9 49 20 20 Wie 369 176 i 367 142 49 50 418 Opinions and Declarations Gnathostoma Owen, 1837 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List ee Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of Gobius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Gomeza Gray (J.E.), 1831 eects Crustacea, Order aii Sau aetna sa of Beat: given in Opinion 85 : Goneplat [Leach], [1814 ](an Invalid Original Spelling for Goneplax [Leach], [1814}), placed on the Official Index o, bay ere and Invalid Generic Names in a with Name No. 482 wv. Goneplax [Leach], [1814] as Crustacea, Order ais tae, bites as of ca, given in Opinion 85 : Gonoplax Leach, 1815 (an Invalid Emendation of Goneplax [Leach], [1814]), placed on the Official Index ay sac and Invalid Generic Names in Sfesihs ce: with Name No. 483... Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Nematomorpha), placed on the tor List ue Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 66, determination of gender of gracilipes White, 1847, as published in the combination Utica gracilipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pees on the , List 4 anes Names in Zoology with Name No. 925... : . e gracilipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Rhizopa gracilipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed & on the pce List Ee Sree Names in Zoology with Name No. 915... gracilipes Alcock, 1894, as published in the combination Platypilumnus gracilipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), are on the peat List el etc Names in Zoology with Name No. 904.. granulatus de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Cancer (Actaea) granulatus (a junior homonym of granulatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer granulatus), placed on the Official Index eb Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 336 E 23 granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Oediplax granulatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Des on the ikea I Last ot, SRC Names in Zoology with Name No. 888 granulatus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Scleroplax granulatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ulin on the eicial List ud sais Names in Zoology with Name No. 919. granulosus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published in the combination Pyxidognathus granulosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), bleeet on the OS List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 913 Page 159 340 59 49 59 [55 24 20 Lie . 61-62 Li. | 20 Volume 1, Section D griseus Nilsson, 1821, as published in the combination Eurynorhynchus griseus (a junior objective synonym of pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the com- bination Platalea pygmaea), placed on the Official Index ep iee and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 351 : Grus Brisson, 1760 (Class Aves), substitution of, on the eee List aE Generic Names in Zoology i in place of Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766] determination of gender of Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766], removal of, from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 103, and insertion of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in seats as a junior homonym of Grus Brisson, 1760, with Name No. 764 : : : grus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ardea grus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1062 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800] (a nomen nudum), placed on the eae e Index | saci ase and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 796 Gymnothorax Duda, 1923 (a junior homonym of Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795), placed on the Official Index sa eet and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 797 Re é shy ae ae F gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837, deletion of, as specific name of type species of Eleotris Schneider, 1801 (Class Pisces), from entry on Official List of Generic Names in Zoology and substitution therefor of pisonis Gmelin ns Fs ed Gobius (correction of Opinion 93) oe habroptilus Gray (G.R.), 1845, as published in the combination Strigops habroptilus (Class Aves), biaces on the ace List neh Brera Names in pa eey with Name No. 1009 Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 (Class Hirudinea), placed on the Official List as Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the ee List ay Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ; haematocheir de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Grapsus (Pachysoma) haematocheir (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eas on the Bec List o. Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 871 Haliaethus Lesson, 1831 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809), placed on the Official Index of mee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 551 ts 419 Page 220 321 321 321 321 141 345 345 342 180 {ey 143 15 216 420 Opinions and Declarations Haliaétos Bonaparte, 1826 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809), placed on the ose Index a peaics and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 552.. Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Haliaeetus Savigny, 1809), placed on the Official Index of Baected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 553 é haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758 (Falco) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively identical with Pandion fluvialis PO: pete type asa of Pandion oes 1809, under Declaration 21... ; placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1021 Halimede de Haan, [1835] abs Crustacea, Order sb rcge rte comp Nene of te given in Opinion 85 c Halimede Rathke, 1843 (a junior homonym of Halimede de Haan, [1835]), placed on the Official Index oe ae and Invalid Generic Names in nee with Name No. 484 ; : ‘ Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922 (a junior homonym of Halimede de Haan, [1835]), placed on the Official Index is Roce and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 485 harengus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Clupea harengus (Class Pisces), Sa at on the Official 1 List of pace Names in ze with Name No. 1075 : hardwickii Leach, 1817, as published in the combination Nursia hardwickii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pace on the pains List ‘a BREE Names in Zoology with Name No. 812... harrisii Gould, 1841, as published in the combination Pilumnus harrisii (Class Crus- tacea, Order Decapoda), ee on the ae List e ae Names in eee with Name No. 914 ie helias Pallas, 1781, as published in the combination Ardea helias (Class pes), nae on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 982 Helice de Haan, [1833] es Crustacea, Order is Spaees Rae of er a given in Opinion 85 ; Helice Chambers, 1873 (a junior homonym of Helice de Haan [1833]), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 486 Heliornis Bonnaterre (Class we Cres sgt Boddaert, 1783, nee species of, under Declaration 21 ; correction of date of, from 1791 to 1790 pan ohare of Opinion 67) Heliornis Billberg, 1820 (a junior homonym of Heliornis Bonnaterre, 1790), placed on the Official Index past sei pic and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No:..554° x 3 Page 216 217 181 182 ai! a9 59 369 KIT 51 59 181 213 217 Volume 1, Section D Helix Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Oaieial,t List of Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ‘ hemingi Alcock & Anderson, 1899, as published in the combination Benthochason hemingi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), mest on the Ngai List _ ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 775 ‘ Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 (Class Trematoda), placed on the og List ae Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of henslowii Leach, [1820], as published in the combination Polybius henslowii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), plaee se on the anita List non areas Names in Zoology with Name No. 825... Hepatella Smith (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1870 to 1869, and of entry relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 73) .. Hephthopelta Alcock, 1899 oS Crustacea, Order eee rebea)s abies tases of as given in Opinion 85 \ hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Atherina hepsetus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1066 ie — - et: Be i te et ae re is Heteroda Schmidt, 1871 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List aire Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866 (Class Trematoda), placed on the ee List an Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of.. Hexapus de Haan, [1833] aes Crustacea, Order ‘asia ite ura re of bee: given in Opinion 85 ; hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Coryphaena hippurus (Class Pisces), placed on the eed List es ees Names in ane, with Name No. 1076 hirtellus Linnaeus, 1761, as published in the combination Cancer hirtellus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bee ° on the OCI List ia Mins Names in Zoology with Name No. 899... hirtipes Heller, [1865], as published in the combination Pinnaxodes hirtipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ae on the One List des eee Names in Zoology with Name No. 900... Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Hirudinea), placed on the Ocal F List of: Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, as published in the combination Domecia hispida (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peed on the Ofiiclaks List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 789.. 155 54 51 368 7 195 51 eM 18 19 157 422 Opinions and Declarations hoazin Miiller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the combination Phasianus hoazin es paces on the al List ni heat Names in sa ies with Name fe) 1 Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 eats Crustacea, Order ata ee com- pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 Holometopus Angelin, 1854 (a junior homonym of Holometopus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853), placed on the Cue Index of ROG and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 487. Holopus d’Orbigny, 1837 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the as List cg Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of. . Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 (Class Holothuroidea), placed on the fee List gh Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 80, determination of gender of ‘ Holothuriophilus Nauck, 1880 (Class Crustacea, Order wheerrct Mora of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ais @ Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Law of Homonymy nae “2 an : : ee Be placed on the Official Index rg ae and Invalid Generic Names in oe with Name No. 755 .. a 2 : Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in sy ne es Opinion 85, substitution of revised entry for 3 determination of gender of Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895 (a junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863), placed on the osc Index an Ree and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 488 Homalaspis Kaier, 1932 (a junior homonym of Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A.), 1863), placed on the Official Index “A nee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 489... Homarus Weber, 1795 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by Opinion 104, substitution of revised entry for determination of gender of Homarus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795), placed on the Official Index 2 pines and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 756 de : Homarus Broun, 1881 (a junior homonym of Homarus Weber, 1795), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 490 Page 183 51 59 156 158 49 283 284 283 283 59 a2 295 295 295 59 Volume 1, Section D horridus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Crotalus horridus (Class Reptilia), placed on the ba aie List i epee Names in shai Na with Name No. 1107 : horridus Riippell, 1830, as published in the combination Oreophorus horridus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Blaredue on the peal List eh Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 815... Hyalomma Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the oe List ly Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Hydrozoa), placed on the Official List ats Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 77, determination of gender of. . : Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858 (Class Cestoda), placed on the nieiah: List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of F Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of : Ibidorhinchus David, 1875 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ibidorhyncha Vigors, 1832), placed on the Official Index a poe and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 555 uy Ibidorhynchus Gray (G.R.), 1844 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for [bidorhyncha Vigors, 1832), placed on the Official Index = HEMET and Inyalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 556.. oi Iliacantha Stimpson, [1871] (Class Crustacea, Order og aud a ec of Ruling given in Opinion 73 5 M Be : : imitatrix Hilgendorf, 1869, as published in the combinaion Deckenia imitatrix (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), act on the ee List of le Names in Zoology with Name No. 788. impressus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Glyptograpsus impressus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ps on the Paes List sd Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 864 inaequipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Asthenognathus inaequipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), en on the Coe List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 843 j indus Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Falco indus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1029 .. integerrimus Lamarck, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer integerrimus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aaa te on the isles List on epee Names in Zoology with Name No. 771. Iphiculus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the alas Index ae ere and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 491 4 IS? LST 143 Za 217 14 12 183 60 424 Opinions and Declarations Page Iphiculus Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order Gopatasens correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) ; 56 Iphis Meigen, 1800 (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), suppression of, under the Plenary Powers, for the purposes both of the Law of Priority and of the Lawof Homonymy 268 insertion of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 754 “ aye e a ue as 267-268 Iphis Leach, 1817 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List Re Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, substitution of revised entry for.. “ 267 determination of gender of si wii se = =" NG sfie os meee Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835 (a junior homonym of Jphis Leach, 1817), placed on the Official Index of se tence and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 492 60 Iphis Laporte, 1836 (a junior homonym of Jphis Leach, 1817), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 493 .. 60 isenbeckii Brandt, 1848, as published in the combination Platycorystes (Podacanthus) isenbeckii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), tae on the ee List s Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 793 ‘ 6 Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Class Arachnida), sine on the Cia List o Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of. . 142 jacquemontii Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, as published in the combination Gecarcinucus jacquemontii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 796... Rs ae es javanicus Horsfield, 1821, as published in the combination Eurylaimus javanicus (Class Aves), placed on the Cae List bg sa ale Names in gs with Name No. 981 .. 177 jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the combination Guaia (lia) jurinei (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aka on the ee List an SPEER Names in Zoology with Name No. 805... 8 jurinii Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Leucosilia jurinii (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for jurinei Saussure, 1853, as published in the combination Guaia (Ilia) jurinei), placed on the Official Index ts Schad and Invalid og Names in Zoology with Name No. 339 62 Lacerta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Reptilia), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 92 341 lacertina Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Siren lacertina (Class Amphibia), placed on the RS List ed pectic, Names in nuZanlony with Name No. 1104 373 Volume 1, Section D Lachnopodus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Res rainy ee of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : : laevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, as published in the combination Pinnotherelia laevigata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1843 to [1844] (correction of Opinion 85) a - , aq placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 902 lambriformis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Merocryptus lambriformis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed 5 on the fee List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 809 : lamelligera Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Onychomorpha lamelligera (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ow List o Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 814 : : Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List o Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of lavaretus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Salmo lavaretus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1095 oa ne Ar urs ee oe oe ae oe Se sy leeanus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the combination Lipaesthesius leeanus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peccar’ on the iar wast List of es Names in Zoology with Name No. 878 é ; : : Lepas Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Crustacea), placed on the eds List os Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of 3 Lepidocyclina Giimbel, [1870] (Class Rhizopoda), placed on the Official List oh Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 127, determination of gender of Leptodius Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 ab asian Order pecenora) coinpienge of waite given in Opinion 85 .. Leucochila von Martens, 1860 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List mi Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 115, determination of gender of leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Platalea leucorodia (Class Aves), pers on the eee List Ae Seige Names in ET oooey with Name No. 998 .. Leucosilia Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order ee correction of reference for (correction of Opinion 73) . ; aes cf ioe a Liagora Gistl, 1848 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling of Liagore de Haan, [1833],) placed on the Official Index of aa and Invalid Generic Names in aban with Name No. 494 : ne be ; Liagore de Haan, [1833] Sree Crustacea, Order Se wiaiten) Hy eae of one given in Opinion 85 : 425 Page 51 25 372 156 py! ew! by9 J 60 51 426 Opinions and Declarations Libystes Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 Soi Crustacea, Order si case ei ere of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. Ligula Bloch, 1782 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Official List ies Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of.. liguricus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Euchirograpsus liguricus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Pre on the eae List a Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 854 : Limax Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the os List os Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of Limnatis Moquin-Tandon, 1827 (Class Hirudinea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of limosa Say, 1818, as published in the combination Cancer limosa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aa on the neal List cal Specie Names in A EOES with Name No. 860... Limulus Miller (O. F.), 1785 (Class Merostomata), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Liomera Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order De completoE of t Rute given in Opinion 85 ‘ - i ae a , ; Lipaesthesius Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order Baie paren es of Ruling given in Opinion 85 , Lissocarcinus Adams & White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 495 .. Lissocarcinus Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order Vege eer correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) : of a Lithadia Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order peo correction of reference for (correction of Opinion 73) eA : ay ae xs rz Ay Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 (Class Anthozoa), placed on the Official List is Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 117, determination of gender of : Litocheira Kinahan, 1856 (Class Crustacea, Order tena basi Sea of RUNRE given in Opinion 85 d a2 litteratus Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Cancer litteratus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ee on the parnnan List . SP ean Names in Zoology with Name No. 926... Lophius Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 . Lophopanopeus Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order rDecapen): eqriplesonis of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; Page 51 1357 13 156 157 14 142 51 51 60 56 55 139 51 22 340 49 Volume 1, Section D Lophopilumnus Miers, 1886 (Class Crustacea, Order ae riparia henge He of Ruling given in Opinion 85 A ‘ lucius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Esox lucius (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1093... lugubris Alcock, 1899, as published in the combination Hephthopelta lugubris (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pen ae on the pica List ag Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 869... Luidia Forbes, 1839 (Class Asteroidea), placed on the pe i List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 129, determination of gender of Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Chaetopoda), placed on the a List ef Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of : lumpus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cyclopterus lumpus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1077 a as: = ae 3 = ne ie a ae Ae Lupocyclus White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index us Passi and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 496 Lupocyclus Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order Meigen correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) ‘ lupus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anarhichas lupus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with*Name No. 1065 ee oe a we » on ae X fi ne i Lybia Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 sare Crustacea, Order frag ee poh ar of Ruling given in Opinion 85 A lyra Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Callionymus lyra (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1073... Lytoceras Suess, 1865 (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the Official List phi Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 130, determination of gender of : Mabouia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826), placed on the Official Index of ea and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 798 ; Mabouya Duméril & Bibron, 1839 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826), placed on the Official Index a Bre and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 799 s Mabuia Cuvier, 1829 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mabuya (Rafinesque) Fitzinger, 1826), placed on the Official Index of pa and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 800 , 427 Page 49 371 15 158 iD “56 368 51 369 159 345 345 345 428 Opinions and Declarations Mabuya Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Official Index i area etit and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 801 macgillivrayi White, 1852, as published in the combination Ommatocarcinus macgillivrayi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), cae on the has ese List 2 Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 889 Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the ewan s List ot Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of : maculatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer maculatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Dasciaerd List S ine paas Names in Zoology with Name No. 777... Bc magna Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination A/lauda magna (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1010 3. major Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Parus major (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 994... Malapterus Jarocki, 1822 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Malapterurus Laceépéde, 1803), placed on the Official Index of pny and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 802 . Malapturus Swainson, 1838 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Malapterurus Lacépéde, 1803), placed on the Official Index of kane and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 803 ‘ : mantellii Owen, 1848, as published in the combination Notornis mantellii (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 990 Manucodia Boddaert, 1783 (Class Aves), Paradisea sel ere ih Forster, 1781, type species of, under Declaration 21 . marginalis Bloch, 1793, as published in the combination Epinephelus marginalis (Class Pisces), placed on the Oita Vist ia epscigci) Names in neevlesy with Name No. 1097 marinus Fabricius, 1775, as published in the combination Astacus marinus (a junior objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gammarus), placed on the Official Index ay Reecieg and Invalid RPE Names in Zoology with Name No. 361 maximus Geoffroy, 1850, as published in the combination Aepyornis maximus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 952 media Koch, 1816, as published in the combination Gallinago media (a junior objective synonym of gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scolopax gallinago), placed on the Official Index “4 age and Invalid praeie” Names in Zoology with Name No. 341 Page 345 17 158 180 178 345 345 178 181 Biz 296 175 98 Volume 1, Section D melanochirus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Chlorodopsis melanochirus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), eajieeh on the eae Lisi a Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 781 ; : : meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phasianus meleagris (Class Aves), oly on the ee List nee ae Names in pees) with Name Wo. 991 .. Melybia Stimpson, [1871] mete Crustacea, Order gman a at of Fag given in Opinion 85 g mercurialis Merrem, 1820, as published in the combination Sphargis mercurialis (a junior objective synonym of coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the com- bination Testudo coriacea), placed on the Official Index off Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 365 8 ; a, a3 ie Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882 (Class Crinoidea), placed on the oad List - Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of ‘ Metasesarma Milne Edwards (H.), 1853 ena Crustacea, Order Deo) com- pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 Metopocarcinus Stimpson, [1871], (Class Laubach Order Decapoda), PCPs of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. ay : rf ne be Micropanope Stimpson, [1871] ae Crustacea, Order ae buen of Ruling given in Opinion 85 3 microps Alcock & Anderson, 1894, as published in the combination Xanthodes microps (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aed on the aaa List on en Names in Zoology with Name No. 891 militaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Emberiza militaris (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1030 milneedwardsii Miers, 1886, as published in the combination Paracyclois milne- edwardsii (Class Crustacea, Order caine Bina on the eg List a BREE Names in Zoology with Name No. 817 minutus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer minutus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), sabiets on the OO List ney Seow Names in Zoology with Name No. 943... ‘ mocinno de la Llave, 1832, as published in the combination Pharomachrus mocinno (Class Fakes pers on ‘the cla List rey a Names in ELON with Name No. 996 .. moebii Richters, 1880, as published in the combination Xenophthalmodes moebii (Class Crustacea, Order oe air on the es List _ eee Names in Zoology with Name No. 929. Molgula Forbes, 1848 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List ie Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of : 429 Page 178 od 346 156 51 ai 51 18 183 23 178 an 158 430 Opinions and Declarations Page Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Omelet List ai Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of : LS monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Chimaera monstrosa (Class Pisces), placed on the oiierar List Lee aia Names in neo es with Name No. 1074 : 369 montagui [Leach], [1814], as published in the combination Pandalus montagui (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), amen on the re Oees List al Speniiraie Names in Zoology with Name No. 1039 .. 4 245 morhua Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gadus morhua (Class Pisces), kG on the cae List of ee Names in site ee with Name No. 1079 ; 369-370 Mormyrus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 340 moschata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas moschata (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 964 ~—-175 Mugie Macklot, 1830 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mugil Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index a ae and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 804 a : ia x. - ; 345 Mullus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 340 muriger Adams & White, as published in the combination Tlos muriger (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) ; aA : Be : : Bhs aie ei 24 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 837 11 murigera White, 1846, as published in the combination Xanthasia murigera (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed 2 on the Ve List oe Specie Names in Zoology with Name No. 927... : vas Musca Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the A pad List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 82, determination of gender of : 142 Museum Boltenianum, 1798, authorship of, to be attributed to R6ding (P.F.) ; 2x0 addition of title of, to the ‘Official List a Works S quetaved as Available gies Zoological Nomenclature with Title No. 26 257 Musophagus Bonnaterre, 1790 (an Invalid Emendation of Musophaga Isert, 1789), placed on the Official Index af Haaged and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 557 ee 210 Mustellus Fischer de Waldheim, 1813 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Mustelus Linck, 1790), placed on the Sola & Index “ Reraes and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 805 346 Volume 1, Section D mustelus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Squalus mustelus (Class ls paces on the a eases List of Brena: Names in OMG with Name No. 1 Mya Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the annie List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of Myrodes Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order ere Nea correction of reference for (correction. of Opinion 73) ta a vs Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the Bisel List ef Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ‘ Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List “ Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ; narina Stephens, 1815, as published in the combination Trogon narina (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 955 neapolitana Kossmann, 1878, as published in the combination Paragalene neapolitana (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), peeeaye on the Ratan List 2 Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 893 : Nephrops [Leach] (Class Crustacea, Order Peco) correction of date of, from 1815 to [1814] (correction of Opinion 104) .. f af of et +e Neritina Lamarck, 1816 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List be: Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 119, determination of gender of niger Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Gobius niger (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1081 niger Miller (P.L.S.), [1776], as published in the combination Bucco niger (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 965 niger Hartig, 1840, as published in the combination Figites niger (Class Insecta, Order Hymenoptera), uaa on the ao List a Be Names in eee with Name No. 1058 nigra Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] nigra (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 960 nigricephala Jameson, 1835, as published in the combination Tanagra nigricephala (Class Aves), placed on the alee List ate ae Names in fae ee with Name No. 1034 nitidus Latham, 1790, as published in the combination Falco nitidus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1025 nitidus Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Sphaerozius nitidus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the * Oaiecial List es eicaite Names in Zoology with Name No. 921... 431 Page 372 158 55 156 14] 174 18 x7 158 370 175 284 174 184 183 21 432 Opinions and Declarations nitidus Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Euryplax nitidus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ty on the ee List bo ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 8359 ;. f nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Libystes nitidus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), shai on the a List a SPEER Names in Zoology with Name No. 876.. nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870, as published in the combination Catoptrus nitidus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Reece on the eee List 4) Spa Names in Zoology with Name No. 847.. nitidus Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Dissodactylus nitidus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ert ae on the pe List “a cree Names in Zoology with Name No. 852.. nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, as published in the combination Notonyx nitidus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the Bue List of Specie: Names in Zoology with Name No. 887.. nobile Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Trichopeltarion nobile (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pie de on the Sian: List of SERGI Names in Zoology with ‘Name No. 840 nodosus Bell, 1855, as published in the combination Oreophorus nodosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), isa on the Pi dias List re ee Names in Zoology with Name No. 831... norvegicus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer norvegicus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ape on the eee go List e Retin Names in Zoology with Name No. 934.. Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List 4 Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of : Notonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 a Crustacea, Order Pecnpoa comes of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. novaehollandiae Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Cereopsis novae- hollandiae (Class Aves), placed ¢ on the Sane List ef pres Names in Ba with Name No. 969 : Numidia Forster, 1817 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Numida Linnaeus, 1764), placed on the Official Index ot i cheed and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 558 3 Nursilia Bell, 1855 (Class Crustacea, Order Pe correction of reference for (correction of Opinion 73) ce ? ae : a or x Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List cy Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 128, determination of gender of ; Page 14 16 12 13 17 12 14 22 143 51 175 at7 55 143 Volume 1, Section D occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, as published in the combination Podiceps occidentalis (Class ‘eke placed on the Cine: List my, elie Names in seas with Name Mo, 951... ocellaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Blennius ocellaris (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1092 ee oe Li a6 ~ sR a ae Ae ha th: Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 (Class Insecta), placed on the Giga! List oh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 106 determination of gender of Oediplax Rathbun, 1893 isa Crustacea, Order Poesia eee of etn >> given in Opinion 85 : oenas Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Columba oenas (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 944 : Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List me Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 106, determination of gender of é ; ; Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Family-Group Names in Zoology, names placed on: DOLICHOPIDAE Stephens (J.F.), 1809 DOLICHOPODES Latreille, 1809 .. DOLYCHOPODAE Samouelle, 1819 Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on: Acanthocyclus Dybowski, 1873 Acanthopus Oken, 1816 Acanthopus Dahl, 1823 .. Acanthopus Latreille, 1829 Acanthopus de Haan, [1835] Acanthopus Muenster, 1839 Acanthopus Giebel, 1872 Acanthopus Vernet, 1877 Acipenses Linck, 1790 Aegithia Blyth, 1860 ‘ Aix Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 Alauda Daudin, 1816... Ampelis Nozeman & Vosmaer, 1758 Ammodytes Bonaparte, 1831 ¢ Anarhicas Latreille, 1804 Aptenodita Bonnaterre, 1791 Aptenodites Lesson, 1837 Bas Aptenodyta Gmelin (J.F.), 1788 Aptenodytes Forster (J.R.), 1777 Asthenognathus Bocourt, 1884 .. Asthenognathus Broom, 1915 Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, 1872 Bathynectes Guenther, 1878 Bathynectes Brinkman, 1913 433 Page 173 371 141 51 86 141 269 269 434 Opinions and Declarations Page Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : Bellia Bate, 1851 Pe ant - ae ie ae < 2s 58 Bellia Gray (J.E.), 1869 . we ate aa ad ae a ae iv 58 Bellia Tutt, 1902 . Ye >. ve Ea a¥ ae te 58 Brotogerys Agassiz (J.L. R. we 1846 oe ee as ae a a5 UEDTS Calliongmus Linck, 1790 : a a ee ae 5 qs os 343 Callionimus Gouan, 1770 Ne oie Me as mA me om «3° ~343 Capella Frenzel, 1801 er os Lo ae y ‘ a as 97 Capella Keyserling & Here 1840 =e a Kas As oa ays =F 97 Caphyra Barrande, 1846 ie x ae a ae Bg a 58 Capito Gistl, 1848 ; oe. A if Ke Me oe - on ots Cathartes d’Orbigny, [1835] avs = fl th ae a. 38 reid Centrocerus Fitzinger, 1843 a ae ot se oh oe a sy eelS Cephalopterus Risso, 1810 47. i * oa hee a S&S SLES Cephalopterus Powrie, 1870 a: i Le 5 # st ae ot pe Chauna Loew, 1847 ne - Ae os Ae bs a sh LenS Chimaera Poli, 1791 ae : we oe Ae es oe ve ae 343 Chimaera Ochsenheimer, 1808 ue he se Oe ve = .3| 385 Chimaera Hitchcock, 1858 8 ie ie ae e i: ee .. ‘343 Chimaira Duméril, 1856 by at Bs HA Ho vee MBAS Chlorodopsis Milne Edwards (A. ), 1863 ie e a ee as ae 58 Chrysolophus Swainson, 1837 .. & Le i se on ia) ele Clamator Blyth, 1852... fie see =e Wy, Re a he aa | BAIG Coerebra Boie, 1826 Et by fe s oe bs Ne bre .. V2L6 Columbus Linnaeus, 1758 We he oe, =e we os Pe a3! 86 Columbus [Tunstall], 1771 a Re mA oz a “ es e 86 Coregonus Lacépéde, 1803 a Ss es Ae be A oe ig TAS Coregonus Jarocki, 1822.. a oe i mal > se oot 343 Coriudo Fleming, 1822 .. ee of + gt cn on 2. "343 Coryhaena Stiles, 1922 .. bm a a fe’ ah wi se wan 349 Coryphaena Coues, 1889 < we ae ba Se ue as vs | ga Coturnix Cuvier, 1800 .. As af es ue ie ce J ry SG Cyclopterus Marseul, 1872 ve ki i 8 se ate i 8 344 Cyrtograpsus Carruthers, 1867 .. - 7 ae a hs Bre Se 59 Dermatochelys Wagler, 1830... a ee bye a = aE .. 344 Dermochelis Lesueur, 1829 2 a a a Bis ee bic ies 344 Diodon OReilly, 1818 .. of ey a ae oe - fe che 344 Diodon Lesson, 1828 Ke Ad Es aD =h ae ae amt nS 344 Diodon Lesson, 1830 : Be ier ae Fe es ae .. 344 Dolichopus Van der Hoeven, [1856] * :3 fs a oe - 32 268 Dolychopus Samouelle, 1819 ae Ae oh a we Mae 4A Set 26S Draco Gouan, 1770 ae a ae Pa ah ae as 2 le 344 Draco Oken, 1816 ae i a os om a ay =; .. 344 Eleotris Gronovius, 1763 58 at of, et 3 Ah oe 94d. Eucrate Rafinesque, 1815 7 a ran i sk me mi me 34) Eurylaemus Gloger, 1841 As “s % a 3 Aes fe aa 216 Eurynorhinchus Lafresnaye, 1842 aif ae ae a3 oh me AG Eurynorynchus Reichenbach, 1852 ae Be 2 me ip on app phew AS Euryplax Klapalek, 1909 oe +h ie ap 4 ir) n, hee 59 Eurypygia Swainson, 1837 Bas re se =a ie eu By a NG Fistularia Forskal, 1775 .. ee sp ue a BS a Ne .. 344 Fistularia Miller (O.F.), 1776 .. a, gi ay ne abd Ri af AA Fistularia Lamarck, 1816 a sh 58 a Ms “a ch .. 344 Fistularia Blainville, 1830 Y, - os mM ae M me .. 344 Fistularia Bowerbank, 1841 ‘. s Hs zt be Me AP nadke | 2, Gadus Dejean, 1821 re ne ae 4 ze a ~ an es 345 Gadus Rang, 1829 hy ik 5% a a ah =p =r PPS AS Gadus Deshayes, 1861 .. i a ae aN 4c Ab £2 Sie (2 Gallinago Koch, 1816 .. Bax oe ze af m nis a Ae 97 Volume 1, Section D 435 Page Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : Gampsonyx Jordan, 1847 de 3% ae af — oe 7 PDS Gecarcinicus Dana, 1852 3 in s -— ot yi ar ie 59 Goneplat | Leach], [1814] - au aa cd a “a 4 a 59 Gonoplax Leach, 1815 .. ca ay Bi ats a o. - 7 59 Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766] .. be = 7 A Le re 9 321 Gymnothorax Cuvier, [1800] .. * se a fe th e id 345 Gymnothorax Duda, 1923 a an cd ae >. ae, y ohh 345 Haliaethus Lesson, 1831 a aa Se aa ne eA i; a 216 Haliaétos Bonaparte, 1826 ee ne - Se a a ie = 216 Haliaetus Cuvier, 1816 .. in aie ic Jk i Ae . came | ie Halimede Rathke, 1843 7 eg os Se bs fe 59 Halimede Oberthuer & Houlbert, 1922 a - ai 3% ee fri 59 Helice Chambers, 1873 .. f se Bi, _ 40 st ae 59 Heliornis Billberg, £820» . a of ie ie a Ae Be + See? Holometopus Angelin, 1854 - fe ue Bs Ht be an oe 59 Homalaspis Reinhard, 1860 is oe te ad a me 2 ©6283 Homalaspis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895. ri ae e am 3 59 Homalaspis Kaier, 1932 oe aud a fe on og of 59 Homarus Milne Edwards (H. ay ($37). ar . a A Ze 21 295 Homarus Broun, 1881 .. ore aie ae ee he es a 59 Ibidorhinchus David, 1875 2 ats 8 att # ae Le Oe Ibidorhynchus Gray es R:); 1844 a iP 8 s4 by Pe Pee ae 2), Iphiculus White, 1847... ws oa in ae by ? oF 60 Iphis Meigen, 1800 ay ae F ws se 5A it 267-268 Iphis Koch (C.L.), 1835 . we Ke ad ey <4 a 158 Dracunculus Reichard, 1759... vs ie = A + yh: Py ps) Dysdera Latreille, [1804] - Y ee =e = at 2 i 143 Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 .. “f ee, * fs aA aN A E55 Ectobius Stephens, 1835 aN = oti ft “Me ie x a 141 Volume 1, Section D 441 Page Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names already placed on, determination of gender of (contd.) : Eimeria Schneider, 1875 48 a. e ga wig oe we fee 156 Enchytraeus Henle, 1837 xe i ie “¢ gf ue ae " 155 Eremias Wiegmann, 1834 43 a3 ar <2 sk a kate sl: Fasciola Linnaeus, 1758 vd 3 oe 24 af a * oF 157 Filaria Miller, 1787 oe ns ey £3 ae oF 3 ae e: $57 Forficula Linnaeus, 1758 a #2 = ue’ os ie 7" - 143 Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 oe Bs: oe se he ch. Ay uM 142 Gasterophilus Leach, 1817 x ct Be a 5% 7, & e 141 Gastrodiscus Cobbold, 1877 4. nf 2" 45 Ao a a ae {55 Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 sod : of a ie fe Rs ¥ 142 Gnathostoma Owen, 1837 i." ae a én ~ a3 be iv 159 Gordius Linnaeus, 1758 .. Pe ne Bet me bi haf a a4 [55 Grus Brisson, 1760 a ma 3 Be: i Ba et oe oe 521 Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 .. nS a a xa Be La a ae 141 Haemadipsa Tennent, 1859 a Ps a a ee o a? uy 57 Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844 ae fe ig a4 Fi Ae - 143 Helix Linnaeus, 1758 __—... is i a a he Se & i iy Hemiurus Rudolphi, 1809 es - 2 ats A: oF me De 155 Heteroda Schmidt, 1871 Ae ee “in a a, ar af . | Is i Heterophyes Cobbold, 1866... Ee He fi ie “ Ad e: £55 Hirudo Linnaeus, 1758 .. oe Pa “A bs ve: ie re ilayy Holopus @Orbigny, 1837 ys oe at 38 ea hae Hi Be 156 Holothuria Linnaeus, 1767 2 Bi ae - 24 be ae 158 Homalaspis Milne Edwards (A), 1863. oe Z% ve ‘ae "0 285 Homarus Weber, 1795 .. oa oe Be ~ es ne 295 Hyalomma Koch, 1844 .. ef ae = a hgh * it fe 144 Hydra Linnaeus, 1758 .. Ay Re ing 2s a be Sa % 157 Aymenolepis Weinland, 1858 .. es a ay ie ., aA a 157 Hypoderma Latreille, 1818 e ae ds 2 ie ~ 4 ik 143 Iphis Leach, 1817 ee, 2.4 Pe: ae a af Pe ay 267 ixoaes watreille, 1795 .. = a he oi ue Le ix ie 142 Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 .. oe A a we a Me ge 142 Lepas Linnaeus, 1758... e: i. me 98 am z. ae ~- 143 Lepidocyclina Gimbel, [1870] .. a Pee si a as a % 156 Leucochila von Martens, 1860 .. he a wie fe aS #4 » 157 Ligula Bloch, 1782 a - a she oe 2 2 = BA 157 Limax Linnaeus, M58). 3.3 a 2 a & a =e 156 Limnatia Moquin-Tandon, 1827 ee i = ae an A ye 157 Limulus Miller (O.F.), 1785... Par it ea a i i 142 Lithostrotion Fleming, 1828 ee ae ye on : ae ct Stes 2) Luidia Forbes, 1839 wis Me aa ae oe a ae i: 158 Lumbricus Linnaeus, 1758 ie Ae ee if Le * at m ip) Lytoceras Suess, 1865... a rs ae ee oe ws hs ve 159 Mactra Linnaeus, 1767 .. a ae ot ae af Le es ae 158 Metacrinus Carpenter, 1882... oe Be ui ak ae ms ae 156 Molgula Forbes, 1848 .. oo oe “ae a oa oe ae ae 158 Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 ae ay oe x ae a on ae 157 Musca Linnaeus, 1758 .. ae ee ae a an af “tr ne 142 Mya Linnaeus, 1758 a he He “ie Ps I a a ea 158 Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758 a ee ae oe ne: ay =a We 156 Nabis Latreille, [1802—1803] .. cig a by i! iz ae 141 Neritina Lamarck, 1816 Ad ee ny oe nA ee ee Re 158 Notonecta Linnaeus, 1758 - € ee obs oe ie ty: 343 Nycteribia Latreille, 1796 ae os at ot ye e dt; es 143 Oedemagena Latreille, 1818 ae a: aa ae ae ee ie vt 141 Oestrus Linnaeus, 1758 eh a re Dt i ib Ag 141 Oleacina RGding, 1798 .. = a ae i ve ey: ey: x 158 Oniscus Linnaeus, 1758 .. » re ahd oe 142 Schistosoma Weinland, 1858"... sts ee se a i a Les 159 Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 ie a a Be oa ae “ a 142 Segestria Latreille, [1804] . - a # i re Kf a 143 Sepia Linnaeus, 1758... oe ae oh Be af ay i 2 158 Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 we oe re pa ae ia - nb 159 Spinturnix Heyden, 1826 _ ze 7 fe it s _ as 143 Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 .. ee - of Ae mA a Es as 156 Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 .. 7s a =f ia uy 3 ae LF Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 ve Fi an Ue afte if 48 x 1595 Strongylus Miller, 1780 ou i - oe Se igs 3 i 155 Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] .. ae Ap “i Ae Ed ep iV: 157 Syngamus Siebold, 1836 un i ee ae ate Se ae is £535 Syringothyris Winchell, 1863... ee sa Ba, as me nee we 158 Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 .. As ee xe ae 2 5903 ji ay 137 Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 .. oe ae oe fe o go re shy 158 Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 we a oe e e- a oi Sie 159 Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 ae = af, ris es oe a oa 158 Triatoma Laporte, [1832] a a oe 8 ye 25 me Re 143 Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905... We st ls . Sis e a 155 Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 _.... oF ae $2 te =e ian ae 144 Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 a Aa ne - e ae at sis 158 Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] xe ait Se es a 7 ts oh 158 Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 .. = om as A u - se fo 156 Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names placed on: Columba Linnaeus, 1758 ae ae ae he 2 as ar #3 86 Dolichopus Latreille, 1796 a a of * ae A om oo (ee Gallinago Brisson, 1760 .. x <2 ge She he Ae x ats 97 Grus Brisson, 1760 Aes Ld a a ae AA en e a 321 Omalaspis Giraud, 1860 ae a ke - ee oe a “0 Pandalus Leach, [1814] ¥e oS - ae = ae sie ai 245 Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802].. ah ae we na NE os eK 235 Volume 1, Section D 443 Page Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, names removed from : Gallinago Koch, 1816 ; ate =k es i J, i zy 97 Grus Pallas, 1767 [recte 1766] . zs ee a oF xs 321 Pandalus Leach, 1815 (Trans. linn. Soc. Lond. ) ge e3 ahs ts 245-246 Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803] ae he Pm di he 235-236 Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on: abdimii Lichtenstein, 1823, Ciconia .. ae io ne ie a ~ 180 aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, Gasterosteus ae He oe Ne ail 370 acus Linnaeus, 1758, Syngnathus i mel wh Y an a sist ones admete Herbst, [1803], Cancer e sie) ae Ht Ly, ie ro 11 aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer . a ne at ae dae se st 22 aethereus Linnaeus, 1758, Phaethon . , ve ae x. ge re 178 agassizii Milne Edwards (A. ), 1880, Eucratodes = 1s uy i 98 14 agilis Linnaeus, 1758, Lacerta .. ais ot of uf oe pee agilis Milne Edwards (A.), 1872, Hydrothelphusa a ey S3 a 3 7 albicilla Linnaeus, 1758, Falco : - a Me sa - 183 alcocki Wood-Mason, 1891, Paria <3 ie 20 ft iz + de 9 alleganiensis Daudin, [1803], Salamandra Nye ed a. ne et “eis 374 americana Saussure, 1857, Pseudothelphusa .. Ke ie of a ve 10 americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Cuculus .. Ne a te ee a ce 176 amica Smith (S.1.), 1869, Hepatella .. ae at a3 “ ste - 7 andreossyi Audouin, [1826], Pilumnus .. sa Re a ti aus ss 6 angulatus Dana, 1851, Cyrtograpsus .. 5. he se As ae ae 13 ani Linnaeus, 1758, Crotophaga ee a a 7 ees 7 176 anomalipes Miers, 1881, Thaumastoplax * ne tt : eat ae 21 aquaticus Linnaeus, 1758, Rallus or: i bl ia oh - ee i. aracari Linnaeus, 1758, Ramphastos PA su a" e ug = oe 179 ardeola Paykull, 1805, Dromas .. ore ae * aT - bos 176 armata Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, Banareia .. a, - ie: a a 4 armatus Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, Potamocarcinus a af e 10 arvensis Linnaeus, 1758, Alauda a fe we o a + ne 174 aura Linnaeus, 1758, Vultur.. 5 Se 4 ee ~ ay ae LIS auratus Linnaeus, 1758, Cuculus oe my tid ms ge ie $e 176 auritus Gray (J.E.), 1829, Podargus .. ifs at - te * ss 7s australis Shaw, 1813, Apteryx me : a nes Ne a - =A 174 avosetta Linnaeus, 1758, Recurvirostra a Me sd si — 179 balansae Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Clistocoeloma ee v7 2 se 13 barbatum Linnaeus, 1758, Ophidion ad fa of v ys cc een barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, °"Mullus oe _ ae as ¥ a an 370 barbiger Poeppig, 1836, Gecarcinus 4s be, tye ae ee He me 23 bedoti Zehntner, 1894, Sphaerocarcinus a ae mt Af Me? ie Na bella Stimpson, 1860, Xantho .. PN: ce a a ie sé e 16 bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, Pavo a me ais ae at te i 183 bicornis Gray (J.E.), 1831, Gomeza te i a a: ais - 15 bidentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, Xanthodes x: uf if - ee 21 bispinosa Kinahan, 1856, Litocheira .. re a fe fs af 16 bispinosus Herbst, [1783], Cancer a aA ie m os a Ay 14 cabrilla Linnaeus, 1/585 Perea. ..; ite ae he a5 s. ee Pe 373 caeruleus Desfontaines, [1789], Falco .. “3 2 Pe “ ¥e cx 183 carinata Ortmann, 1894, Pseudopinnixa a 4 bas a Be 5 20 carinipes Heller, 1861, Zozymodes a en x Be ib si at 22 carinipes de Man, 1889, Durckheimia es oe i cf -_ ty 13 carolinensis Stimpson, 1859, Speocarcinus Ae =. . ae se ty: 21 carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Cyprinus hte gi re * rs a4 ne 369 cephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Mugil ne =) a af 4; Ee 368 cessacii Milne Edwards (A.), “878, Epimelus as we oe ey se ds. 6 chalybata Forster, 1781, Paradisea [sic] 7% " of hs .. 182 444 Opinions and Declarations Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : chavaria Linnaeus, 1766, Parra cheiragonus Tilesius, 1815, Cancer ; chilensis Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], Conystoides: chimaera Rothschild, 1895, Uratelornis fe ; chrysocephala Lewin, 1808, Meliphaga ciliatus Stimpson, 1858, Ceratoplax cinctimanus White, 1849, Carpilius cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, Ardea .. convexus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, Ruppellioides coppingeri Miers, 1884, Camptoplax corallinus Faxon, 1893, Trachycarcinus coriacea Linnaeus, 1766, Testudo coronata Alcock & Anderson, 1894, Randallia coturnix Linnaeus, 1758, Tetrao crassimanus Dana, 1851, Eucrate crassipes Bell, 1855, Phiyxia crassum Dana, 1851, Samartium crenatus de Haan, [1835], Cancer (Eucrate) crepitans Linnaeus, 1758, Psophia cribrarius Lamarck, 1818, Portunus cristata Pallas, 1764, Columba sty cristatus Shaw in White, [August] 1790, Caprimulgus. cubensis Stimpson, 1860, Epilobocera .. ‘ cumingii Bell, 1855, Lithadia ; cupulifer Latreille, 1825, Pilumnus cylindricum Say, 1818, Pinnotheres cylindrus Fabricius, 1777, Cancer cyprinoides Linnaeus, 1758, Mormyrus re danae Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, Goniosoma deplanatus Cano, 1889, Euryetisus — 9 depressa Stimpson, [1871], Panoplax dentata Bell, 1855, Nursilia denticulatus Montagu, 1806, Cancer .. dilatipes Adams & White, [1849], Pilumnus doliatus Linnaeus, 1764, Lanius. . ‘ dovii Stimpson, 1860, Euphylax draco Linnaeus, 1758, Trachinus electricus Gmelin (UE F. L789 |: Silurus elegans Gmelin (J.F.), 1788, Psittacus . eremita Nobili, 1906, Dacryopilumnus erinaceus Fabricius, 1787, Cancer erithacus Linnaeus, 1758, Psittacus erosa Miers, [1877], Actaeomorpha euagora de Man, 1895, Parapanope eudactylus Bell, 1855, Myrodes europaea Linnaeus, 1758, Sitta exaratus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Chlorodius excelsus Heller, 1862, Perigrapsus excubitor Linnaeus, 1758, Lanius exulans Linnaeus, 1758, Diomedea faber Linnaeus, 1758, Zeus se fallax Henderson, 1893, Ebalia flaveola Linnaeus, 1758, Certhia fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, Perca fluviatilis Latreille, [1828], Trichodactylus fragifer de Haan, [1835], Cancer (Halimede) frontalis Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, Ozius fulica Boddaert, 1783, Colymbus fuscus Rafinesque, 1820, Triturus Volume 1, Section D Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : gallinago Linnaeus, 1758, Scolopax gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer garzetta Linnaeus, 1766, Ardea at gaudichaudii Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, Platymera x re gayi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, (1844), pi actin aan ae gigas Lamarck, 1818, Cancer nt glaber Stimpson, 1858, Ptychognathus .. glacialis Linnaeus, 1761, Procellaria gladius Linnaeus, 1758, Xiphias glandarius Linnaeus, 1758, Cuculus glanis Linnaeus, 1758, Silurus .. glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758, Myxine gracilipes White, 1847, Utica gracilipes Stimpson, 1858, Rhizopa gracilipes Alcock, 1894, Platypilumnus. . granulatus Rathbun, 1893, Oediplax granulatus Rathbun, 1893, Scleroplax .. ; granulosus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, Pyxidognathus grus Linnaeus, 1758, Ardea Bi : habroptilus Gray iG: R.), 1845, Strigops : haematocheir de Haan, [ 1835], rhe is (Pachysoma) haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758, Falco : harengus Linnaeus, 1758, Clupea hardwickii Leach, 1817, Nursia harrisii Gould, 1841, Pilumnus helias Pallas, 1781, Ardea hemingi Alcock & "Anderson, 1899, Benthochason henslowii Leach, [1820], Polybius hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758, Atherina hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, Coryphaena hirtellus Linnaeus, 1761, Cancer hirtipes Heller, [1865], Pinnaxodes as hispida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, Domecia hoazin Miiller (P.L.S.), [1776], Phasianus horridus Linnaeus, 1758, Crotalus horridus Rippell, 1830, Oreophorus imitatrix Hilgendorf, 1869, Deckenia .. impressus Smith (S.1.), 1870, Glyptograpsus inaequipes Stimpson, 1858, Asthenognathus indus Boddaert, 1783, Falco “X integerrimus Lamarck, 1818, Cancer .. isenbeckii Brandt, 1848, Platycorystes (Podacanthus).. Jacquemontii Milne Edwards (H.), 1844, Gecarcinucus Javanicus Horsfield, 1821, Eurylaimus a jurinei Saussure, 1853, Guaia (llia) lacertina Linnaeus, 1766, Siren laevigata Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], Pinnotherelia lambriformis Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Ree reeeyetes lamelligera Stimpson, 1858, Onychomorpha lavaretus Linnaeus, 1758, Salmo ae leeanus Rathbun, 1898, Lipaesthesius .. leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758, Platalea .. ne liguricus Milne Edwards (H. yr i853, Euchirigrapsus Ee limosa Say, 1818, Cancer i litteratus Fabricius, 1798, Cancer lucius Linnaeus, 1758, Esox ue lugubris Alcock, 1899, Hephthopelta lumpus Linnaeus, 1758, Cyclopterus lupus Linnaeus, 1768, Anarhichas 446 Opinions and Declarations Page Official List of Specific Names in Zoology, names placed on (contd.) : lyra Linnaeus, 1758, Callionymus ae ay ie ea = igs ig 369 macgillivrayi White, 1852, Ommatocarcinus .. B: b a A a 17 maculatus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer Bis ese hd me mt ois AS 5 magna Linnaeus, 1758, Alauda .. ee Ly ~ - tay fas he 180 major Linnaeus, 1758, Parus .. a He a a of a “ 178 mantellii Owen, 1848, Notornis bed se et xe Pe at A 178 marginalis Bloch, 1793, Epinephelus .. ae ve M4 e a ; eee maximus Geoffroy, 1850, Aepyornis . ike Je ie Le 173 melanochirus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Chlorodopsis ie i La aa 5 meleagris Linnaeus, 1758, Phasianus .. as ae ae i 178 microps Alcock & Anderson, 1894, Xanthodes’ ie os ae ces L: 18 militaris Linnaeus, 1758, Emberiza ses ; as iy Le uh oF, 183 milneedwardsii Miers, 1886, Paracyclois es wt BY re = ae 9 minutus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer ' ad K diy sie Ae a 23 mocinno de la Llave, 1832, Pharomachrus te ot i a so a 178 moebii Richters, 1880, Xenophthalmodes Py se ae oe % a 22 monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758, Chimaera .. a oh sf Ee! ts ae 369 montagui [Leach], [1814], Pandalus .. a8 a x. ay, - 245 morhua Linnaeus, 1758, Gadus ee ae aN ov bie st 369-370 moschata Linnaeus, 1758, Anas.. ; a ay hs a ae zs 175 muriger Adams & White, [1849], Tlos” ag ie 2 ahs a ua i murigera White, 1846, Xanthasia Ne an as a a si a3 22 mustelus Linnaeus, 1758, Squalus a ae be bc ‘f =e sp eye narina Stephens, 1815, Trogon ae Ss ie Ne rat = i 174 neapolitana Kossmann, 1878, Paragalene Re oe az * aA i 18 niger Linnaeus, 1758, Gobius ee - oe A Fe Hs, - we 370 niger Miller (P.L.S.), [V7 7OleBuceo: a re "2 re a {9 175 niger Hartig, 1840, Figites we oe a af i Ks 8 at 284 nigra Gmelin, 1788, Paradisea [sic] .. ms Pe tes LA 2 be 174 nigricephala Jameson, 1835, Tanagra .. a ca an ee ua = 184 nitidus Latham, 1790, Falco ah Ye Hs oe a Se tae a3 183 nitidus Stimpson, 1858, Sphaerozius .. bs a ya Ye ae iS 21 nitidus Stimpson, 1859, Euryplax Se hd - oe use i a 14 nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, Libystes .. ae a: Le os - 16 nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1870, Catoptrus .. * es a su e 12 nitidus Smith (S.I.), 1870, Dissodactylus oe a ue) x mh = 13 nitidus Milne Edwards (A.), 1873, Notonyx .. us << as fy a 17 nobile Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, Dene Me + ae ie ys 12 nodosus Bell, 1855, Oreophorus ‘ 3 - aa a otf 1 norvegicus Linnaeus, 1758, Cancer ae oa an Ae Be he ee 22 novaehollandiae Latham, 1801, Cereopsis ve we ns + te me Wis occidentalis Lawrence, 1858, Podiceps .. fe a ie Hh x A 173 ocellaris Linnaeus, 1758, Blennius ne te ca Me i Hs < 371 oenas Linnaeus, 1758, Columba ae a a re 86 orbignyi Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844], “Xantho a Ae LE * 19 orientalis Miers, 1886, Lupocyclus (Parathranites) set oe ah oF AE 9 oriolus Linnaeus, 1758, Coracias a Re .. Pilumnus Gistl, 1848 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815), placed on the Official Index up cha and Invalid Generic Names in ee”: with Name - No. 20... : Pilumnus Bonaparte, 1854 (a junior homonym of Pilumnus Leach, 1815), placed on the Official Index ao noes 2 and Invalid Generic Names in 1 Zoology with Name a ING: 502... . Pinnaxodes Heller, [1865] Selatan Crustacea, Order sean ea Soe ens of ee given in Opinion 85 5 50 Pinnixa White, 1846 Gee Crustacea, Order ee ee. competion of Reoen: given in Opinion 85 : , 50 Pinnotherelia Milne Edwards (H.) & Lucas, [1844] oe Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : at ae bs 52 correction of date of, from 1843 to [1844] .. or 48 — iis Ls 57 Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802] (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), substitution of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology i in place of Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803 ] 7 cae 2: As ; ie ee ¥ a = 29235 454 Opinions and Declarations Page Pinnotheres Latreille, [1802—1803], removal of, from the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, on which placed by Opinion 85, and insertion of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as a sot homonym of Pinnotheres Bosc, [1801—1802], with Name No. 577 sc - 235-236 pinnotheroides White, 1846, as published in the combination Xenophthalmus pinnotheroides (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aaa on the Sisto: List - Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 930 ee 22 piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Lophius piscatorius (Class Pisces), placed on the ee List sd pelle Names in Sper) with Name No. 1082 : 370 pisonis Gmelin (J.F.), [1789], Gobius (Class Pisces), insertion of, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as name of type gana of Eleotris Schneider, 1801 (correction of Opinion 93) ¥4 : ' sre at at 342 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1096 .. 372 pisum Linnaeus, 1767, as published in the combination Cancer pisum (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Seach on the ee List 1 liek Names in Zoology with Name No. 1035 .. 235-236 Planes Bowditch, 1825 apes Se ee Order Hereage eek: between of goon? given in Opinion 85 : : : 52 Planes Saussure, 1862 (a junior homonym of Planes Bowditch, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 503 60 Planes Rondani, 1864 (a junior homonym of Planes Bowditch, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 504 60 planissimus Herbst, [1804], as published in the combination Cancer planissimus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), se a on the esieak List es pcos Names in Zoology with Name No. 896.. 18 planus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Xantho planus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), otis on the une c List a ADEEDIE Names in Zoology with Name No. 1057 ce 284 Platychirograpsus de Man, 1896 (Class Crustacea, Order eee bee a of Ruling given in Opinion 85 gy : 50 Platypilumnus Alcock, 1894 (Class au Order Sati cigs! SOP at of Ruling given in Opinion 85 sys , 50 Platyxanthus Milne Edwards (A.), 1863 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85... ag ae ae 52 Podacanthus Brandt, 1848 (a junior homonym of Podacanthus Gray (J. E.), 1833), placed on the Official Index y oe and Invalid Generic Names in feet with Name No. 505 _ : x? 60 Volume 1, Section D Podophtalmus Lamarck, 1801 (an Invalid Original Spelling for Podophthalmus Lamarck, 1801), placed on the Official Index of tae and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 506 Podura Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the oleae List sa Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of polybioides Adams & White, as published in the combination Lissocarcinus polybioides (Class Crustacea, Order ede: correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion ye) abs ty au a va m2 placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 806 Polydectus Rafinesque, 1815 (a nomen nudum), placed on the Se a Index ab. Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 507. Polydectus Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 ane Crustacea, Order Pera com- pletion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 Polydesmus Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Diplopoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 (Class sna Pavo bicalcaratus Linnaeus, 1758, Bas species of, under Declaration 21 : at Be ‘ Porcellio Latreille, [1803—1804] (Class Crustacea), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of porcus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scorpaena porcus (Class Pisces), placed on the as List e sia ie Names in ee with Name No. 1088 porzana Linnaeus, 1766, as published in the combination Rallus porzana (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 999 Prionoplax Milne Edwards (H.), 1852 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85... ms sa ia Pseudocarcinus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (Class Crustacea, Order eee completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : Pseudophilyra Miers, 1879 (Class Crustacea, Order pega ee of Ruling given in Opinion 73 : : Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894 (Class Crustacea, Order Pe pou) ene of Ruling given in Opinion 85 a iy we ‘ : a Pseudopinnixa Holmes, 1895 (a junior homonym of Pseudopinnixa Ortmann, 1894), placed on the Official Index Hat Rpegee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 508 - . Pseudorhombila Milne Edwards (H.), 1837 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : ae Be fs 455 Page 61 143 24 28 6] ope 14] 182 142 371 179 52 39) 26, 52 61 49 456 Opinions and Declarations Psittacus Catesby, 1777 (a junior homonym of Psittacus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index — Roce and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 568 : : Psopheticus Wood-Mason, 1892 (Class Crustacea, Order riacanes ea deere of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; psophia Pallas, 1767, as published in the combination Grus psophia (a junior objective synonym of crepitans Linnaeus, as published in the combination Psophia crepitans), placed on the Official Index of baa and Invalid ees Names in meme with Name No. 364 be ; Psoroptes Gervais, 1841 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List ue Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Pteroglossus Chaudoir, 1843 (a junior homonym of Preroglossus Illiger, 1811), placed on the Official Index ge pe ge and Invalid Generic Names in eee with Name ING: "569" = Ptilorhis Agassiz (J.L.R.), 1846 (an Invalid Emendation of Pri/oris Swainson, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Hee and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 576 : Ptilorhys Bonaparte, 1854 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ptiloris Swainson, 1825), placed on the Official Index a lai and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 570 Ptilornis Gray (G.R.), 1869 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Ptiloris Swainson, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Reeaied and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 571 ; Prychognathus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order eee hagas” of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : : - me f Ptychognathus Owen, 1860 (a junior homonym of Prychognathus Stimpson, 1858), placed on the Official Index a acuiiti and Invalid Generic Names in Coct with Name No. 509 : ; pugnax Smith (S.I.), 1870, as published in the combination Glyptoplax pugnax (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Be on the Oba & List si Speer Names in Zoology with Name No. 865. Pulex Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List ola Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of ; punctatus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer punctatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sonal on the ree List a pte Names in Zoology with Name No. 937 .: a pygmaea Linnaeus, 1758 (Platalea) (Class Aves) (a nominal species objectively identical with Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson, oe type ae of Eg aa Nilsson, 1821, under Declaration 21 oA af placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1017 .. Page 218 a2 324 142 218 218 218 218 52 61 15 141 25 181 182 Volume 1, Section D Pyrosoma Peron, 1804 (Class Urochorda), placed on the Official List _ Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 77, determination of gender of pyrrhopterus Latham, 1801, as published in the combination Psittacus pyrrhopterus Sor placed on the eas List a nage Names in paris with Name No. 963... Pyxidognathus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85... C4 B 2 & quadridens Milne Edwards (A.), 1869, as published in the combination Thalamitoides quadridens (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ies on the isan List = Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 835 ; quadridentata Latreille, [1828], as published in the combination Melia quadridentata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), aang on the ete List fe eta Names in Zoology with Name ING 2910! 1 ee Reduvius Fabricius, 1775 (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List oe, Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of regia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Paradisaea regia (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 972 reticularis Bloch, 1795, as published in the combination Gymnothorax reticularis (Class Pisces), Placed on the ee List ss bagi Names in ae with Name No. 1098 Rhabditis Dujardin, 1845 (Class Nematoda), placed on the ae List we Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton, 1908 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 (Class Arachnida), placed on the ae List Be Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of Rhithropanopeus Rathbun, 1898 aes Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion Noe mp or £2 ms oe Rhizocrinus Sars, [1865] (Class Crinoidea), placed on the Official List ue Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 73, determination of gender of : Rhizoglyphus Claparede, [1869] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Rhizopa Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order vere ae a completene of eee given in Opinion 85 ; 457 Page 159 175 20 14] 176 2 157 142 142 a2 156 142 52 458 Opinions and Declarations rhomboides Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer rhomboides (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), icin on the se: Bane List = one Names in Zoology with Name No. 941. rodgersii Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Lachnopodus rodgersii (Class Crustacea, Order ee tage cat on the Sd es List A pe ie Names in Zoology with Name No. 873. Roding (P.F.), ruled to be treated as the author of the Museum Boltenianum, 1798 roseus Nobili, 1906, as published in the combination Parapleurophrycoides roseus (Class Crustacea, Order pecaros), ea on the il List of Sree Names in Zoology with Name No. 895. rotundatus Adams & White, as published in the combination Lupocyclus rotundatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to Rise (correction of Opinion 73) ; : placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 808 rotundifrons Milne Edwards (A.), 1867, as published in the combination Heferozius rotundifrons (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Bpecais on the pOmoee List a Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 800 ‘ rousseauxi Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Metfasesarma rousseauxi (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Waa on the ee List “3 Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 884 , rouxii Guérin-Méneville, as published in the combination Caphyra rouxii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1830 to 1832 (correction of Opinion 73) + re a4 id ae ari oe * placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 776 ruber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Phoenicopterus ruber (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 997 rubromaculatus de Haan, [1833], as published in the combination Cancer (Liagore) rubromaculatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 875 .. cf: a3 bts aa rufa Boddaert, 1783, as published in the combination Tanagra rufa (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1013... Ruppellioides Milne Edwards (A.), 1867 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 } oe oe Ar salar Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Salmo salar (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1086 .. Salmo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Page 23 16 257 18 24 | 178 16 180 52 370 340 Volume 1, Section D 459 Page Samartium Dana, 1851 (Class Crustacea, Order ee sioteS completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 As i ~ .? d ie Se + ae 52 Sarcocystis Lankester, 1882 (Class Neosporidia), placed on the Official List Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of .. Py, Sarcoptes Latreille, [1802—1803] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List uh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 113, determination of gender of .. 142 savignii Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Cancer savignii (an Invalid Original Spelling for savignyi), placed on the Official Index of. ASIECs and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 335 24 savignyi (correction of savignii) Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the com- bination Cancer savignii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 935 ee * Ka 23 scaber Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Uranoscopus scaber (Class Pisces), placed on the ope. List oF tad Names in peeey with Name No. 1070 ae 368 scabripes Rathbun, 1898, as published in the combination Tetrias scabripes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), De on the lip List gt Bs Names in Zoology with Name No. 923... 21 Scalopidia Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 yf tS ae ay a ao eye 32 Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 (Class Trematoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 77, determination of gender of _... 139 Scleroplax Rathbun, 1893 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 a : th ee a, ae Bt Re 34 scolopacea Gmelin, 1788, as published in the combination Ardea scolopacea (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 958 174 Scomber Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 .. 340 scombrus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Scomber scombrus (Class Pisces), See on the egress List of Sag Names in ies ae with Name No. 1087 , 370-371 Scorpaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion77.. 340 Scorpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List os Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of = 142 sculptipes Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Micropanope sculptipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Be oe on the eT Sst oe pees Names in Zoology with Name No. 886.. 17 460 Opinions and Declarations Scylla de Haan, [1833] (Class Crustacea, Order Beeanedal: correction of oaks relating to type species of (correction of Opinion 73) sefilata Forster, 1781, as published in the combination Paradisea [sic] sefilata (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 993 Segestria Latreille, [1804] (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of : Sepia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cephalopoda), placed on the ie List ae Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of septemspinosus Fabricius (J.C.), 1787, as published in the combination Cancer septemspinosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pa on the a List 4 Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1055 oe ; x serpentina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Testudo serpentina (Class Reptilia), placed 0 on the per List be See Names in Gey with Name No. 1106. serrata White, 1847, as published in the combination Valdivia serrata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the 9 OU List oh perc Names in Zoology with Name No. 841 : : : serratus Forskal, 1775, as published in the combination Cancer serratus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a i on the Se pe List sa Speci Names in Zoology with Name No. 833 .. sexdentatum Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Camptandrium sexdentatum (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Brett on the es List ce Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 845 3 sexdentatus Paulson, 1875, as published in the combination Archias sexdentatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Placed 2 on the ee List of Spee Names in Zoology with Name No. 769. sexpes Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Cancer sexpes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), at on the nee List a ARES Names in Zoology with Name No. 870" signatus Adams & White, as published in the combination Carpilus signatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) te ‘ i Ss ae placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 772 Silurus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), correction of entry relating to Be species of (correction of Opinion 77) - : Siren Hermann, 1783 (a junior homonym of Siren Linnaeus, 1766), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 808 Page 56 178 143 158 268 374 12 11 12 Volume 1, Section D Sirena Fischer de Waldheim, 1808 (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766), placed on the Official Index an cau and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 809 of : Sirene Oken, 1816 (an Invalid Emendation of Siren Linnaeus, 1766), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 810 speciosa Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Nucia speciosa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Barats on the Ge List Ph PPPS Names in Zoology with Name No. 811 spectabilis de Man, 1896, as published in the combination Platychirograpsus spectabilis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), sare on the gills So List = Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 903 Speloeophorus Milne Edwards (A.), 1865 (Class Crustacea, Order iia completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73 : correction of reference for type species of Speocarcinus Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 : an i He a ot Sphaerium Scopoli, 1777 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the childs List ie Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of Sphaerozius Stimpson, 1858 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 Sn we aS se _ id a4 Sphargis Merrem, 1820 (a junior objective synonym of Dermochelys Blainville, 1816), placed on the Official Index y peeeled and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 811 F : 5 spinicarpus Milne Edwards (H.), 1852, as published in the combination Prionoplax Spinicarpus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), i eaearet on the pei ci List be Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 907 spinosipes Stimpson, 1858, as published in the combination Scalopidia spinosipes (Class Crustacea, Order aCe einibd ee on the Cas List a pens Names in Zoology with Name No. 918. spinosus Rathbun, 1894, as published in the combination Erimetopus spinosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), seca on the Fea List Z are Names in Zoology with Name No. 794.. Spinturnix Heyden, 1826 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of : Spirifer Sowerby, 1816 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official List hs Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 100, determination of gender of : 19 53 55 a2 £59 52 346 ai 143 156 462 Opinions and Declarations spongiosus Adams & White, as published in the combination Iphiculus spongiosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ¢ correction of date of, from 1848 to eal See (correction of Opinion 73) , A placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 803 sponsa Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Anas sponsa (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 953 sternberghii Stimpson, 1859, as published in the combination Xanthodius sternberghii (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sa on the pa ltage List 2 oe Names in Zoology with Name No. 928. Stilesia Stiles & Hassall, 1893 (Class Cestoda), placed on the a List S Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of ; stridulans Wood-Mason, 1892, as published in the combination Psopheticus stridulans (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the vasclit List ol Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 911 ’ Strigopsis Bonaparte, 1849 (an Invalid Emendation of Strigops Gray (G. R.), 1845), placed on the Official Index as Aas and Invalid Generic Names in iss with Name No. 572 aye Stringops Finsch, 1867 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G.R. ), 1845), placed on the Official Index 2 sacar and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 573 : Stringopsis van der Hoeven, 1855 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G. R.), 1845), placed on the Official Index of a aon and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 574 Strongyloides Grassi, 1879 (Class Nematoda), placed on the mer List eh Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of , Strongylus Miller, 1780 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List et Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of struthersii Vigors, [1832], as published in the combination Ibidorhyncha struthersii (Class Aves), Bee on the Omen List eh Bneeiiee! Names in pceeey with Name INo-986 43. Strygops Des Murs, [1853] (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Strigops Gray (G. R.), 1845), placed on the Once Index a Reise and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 575. sturio Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Acipenser sturio (Class Pisces), placed on the CaaS List of Bases Names in fo with Name No. 1072 subglobosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Jliacantha subglobosa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pie: on the aes ree List or Sie Names in Zoology with Name No. 802.. Page 22 157 20 218 218 218 155 155 Wie 218 369 Volume 1, Section D subquadrata Dana, 1851, as published in the combination Fabia subquadrata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), a on the eaiaiaiad List Sia sissies Names in Zoology with Name No. 861... . Succinea Draparnaud, [1801] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 94, determination of gender of ; sulcatus Swainson, 1820, as published in the combination Pteroglossus sulcatus (Class Aves), placed on the an a List ie 5 a Names in sates with Name Mo: .961 .. superba Costa, 1838, as published in the combination Portunus superba (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Sapa on the ose Bist ee nthe Names in Zoology with Name No. 936... ; swainsonii Vigors, 1825, as published in the combination Gampsonyx swainsonii (Class Aves), ores on the rsiias List pe Hide a Names in naaieey with Name No. S34) ©... Syngamus Siebold, 1836 (Class Nematoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 104, determination of gender of : Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Syngathus Rafinesque, 1810 (a junior homonym of Syngnathus Linnaeus, 1758), placed on the Official Index of re ig and Invalid Generic Names in Zoey with Name No. 812 ; : Syringothyris Winchell, 1863 (Class Brachiopoda), placed on the Official List Ed Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 100, determination of gender of tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Fistularia tabacaria (Class Pisces), placed on the pas List of SPS Names in ZR ES with Name No. 1067 an Taenia Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Cestoda), placed on the Ofiiciabd List oe Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 84, determination of gender of Telmessus Stal, 1866 (a junior homonym of Te/messus White, 1846), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 510 tenuipes Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Carupa tenuipes (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), ah on the Ones List | iptae Names in Zoology with Name No. 780 _.. Teredo Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pelecypoda), placed on the Official List oh Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 94, determination of gender of f tesselatus Latreille, as published in the combination Graspus tesselatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1818 to 1812 ea eeta of Opinion 85) ; ae yt a ie my bed : “¢ placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 882 463 Page 14 157 174 23 177 [55 340 346 158 368 BS 464 Opinions and Declarations Page Tetraxanthus Rathbun, 1898 (Class Crustacea, Order igs eae 48 See of Ruling given in Opinion 85 a > is sé ee 38 52 Tetrias Rathbun, 1898 Se Crustacea, Order eee fperrgiges of sabia given in Opinion 85 , : Teuthis Schneider, 1784, a name placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology by the Ruling given in Opinion 233, deletion of inadvertent entry relating to, made by the Ruling given in Direction 56 .. 346, 391 Teuthys Lamarck, 1790 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Teuthis Linnaeus, 1766), insertion of, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology in the entry rendered vacant therefor by the removal of the duplicate entry relating to Teuthis Schneider, 1784, eee made Ha the nee cos in Direction 56 .. : : : 391 thalamita Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Melybia thalamita (Class Crustacea, Order Deen pa on the Poa List of saat Names in Zoology with Name No. 883. i Thalamitoides Milne Edwards (A.), 1869 (Class Crustacea, Order Decarrey completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73... 54 Thalamonyx Milne Edwards (A.), 1873 (Class Crustacea, Order Dectenes) completion of Ruling given in Opinion 73... 54 Thaumastoplax Miers, 1881 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 a ; ts ie ae aK vy. ti 50 Thysanosoma Diesing, 1835 (Class Cestoda), placed on the eiaes List sci Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 77, determination of gender of . 159 tiphia Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Motacilla tiphia (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1023... 183 Tlos White, 1847 (a nomen nudum), placed on the ae Index xh Helly and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. $11 é 61 Tlos Adams & White (Class Crustacea, Order PeCADETEn correction of date of, from 1848 to [1849] (correction of Opinion 73) ; am s x te 56 tobianus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Ammodytes tobianus (Class Pisces), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1064 sat me 4s ap Le t. Dye x ae au) ® tomentosus Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Actumnus tomentosus (Class Crustacea, Order ee np ee) aie on the aiciah List af ge Names in Zoology with Name No. 767. 3 Tornatellina Pfeiffer, 1842 (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List cf Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 119, determination of gender of a 158 Volume 1, Section D torquilla Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Jynx torquilla (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 987 i transversus Rathbun, 1893, as published in the combination Opisthopus transversus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), as on the Oe ial List be ie apn Names in Zoology with Name No. 890... trapeziformis Nauck, 1880, as published in the combination Holothuriophilus trapeziformis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the Sila List uF Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 872 ; tresselata Milne Edwards (H.), 1834, as published in the combination Lybia tresselata (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for tesse/atus Latreille, 1812, as published in the combination Grapsus tesselatus), placed on the Official Index Zz Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 338 ~ ; Triatoma Laporte, [1832] (Class Insecta), placed on the Official List sa Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of Trichodactylus Latreille (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), correction of date of, from 1825 to [1828] (correction of Opinion 73) _ os ox ae a: Trichodactylus Dufour, 1839 (a junior homonym of Trichodactylus Latreille, 1828), placed on the Official Index sd paae: and Invalid Generic Names in n Zoology with Name No. 512 .. Trichostrongylus Looss, 1905 (Class Nematoda), placed on the eoeut List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 66, determination of gender of : tridens de Haan, [1835], as published in the combination Ocypode (Helice) tridens (Class Crustacea, Order rea ates on the ee List a eee Names in Zoology with Name No. 868. tridens Kr@yer, 1837, as published in the combination Geryon tridens (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pee on the os List us PE Names in Zoology with Name No. 863°. tridentata Milne Edwards (H.), 1853, as published in the combination Parathelphusa tridentata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), i on the my List us Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 818 ; : ee tridentata Miers, 1879, as published in the combination Pseudophilyra tridentata (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), uae on the ann List of eres Names in Zoology with Name No. 828.. tridentatus Milne Edwards (A.), 1879, as published in the combination Coenophthalmus tridentatus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), placed on the ar List e Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 782 ; : 4 tristis Dana, 1852, as published in the combination Carpilodes tristis (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), places\e on the ae seiat List of maa Names in Zoology with Name INO sch Oe..." & 62 143 56 61 155 15 10 466 Opinions and Declarations Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 (Class Arachnida), placed on the Official List i Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 104, determination of gender of 4 truncatus Stimpson, 1860, as published in the combination Metopocarcinus truncatus (Class Crustacea, Order gata geass: on the esas List - arpa Names in Zoology with Name No. 885. Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 (Class Mastigophora), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 95, determination of gender of tuberosa Stimpson, [1871], as published in the combination Osachila tuberosa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), nv gs on the pap List he ae a Names in Zoology with Name No. 816... : tuberosus Pennant, 1777, as published in the combination Cancer tuberosus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Se on the Oe List ie Dia Names in Zoology with Name No. 790. : : G [Tunstall (M.)], 1771, Ornithologia britannica, all new names in, ruled as possessing no availability for nomenclatorial purposes, except Pyrrhocorax [Tunstall], 1771, validated by the Ruling given in Opinion 404 a We : addition of title of, to the Official Index ease: and Invalid Works in ee Nomenclature with Title No. 48 st 2 typhlus Milne Edwards (A.), 1880, as published in the combination Bathyplax typhlus (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Oe on the ein i List Zs Sue Names in Zoology with Name No. 844 typicus Rathbun, 1898, as published in the combination Chasmocarcinus typicus (Class Crustacea, Order Dera ble on the Seg List a preeee Names in Zoology with Name No. 849. ungulata Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Musca ungulata (Class Insecta, Order Diptera), pe on the 5 Gee List Hh pts Names in LOMeey with Name No. 1056... urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827, as published in the combination Tetrao urophasianus (Class Aves), es on the lias List i. Bids Names in basins bi with Name No. 9674s: Utica White, 1847 Cpa Crustacea, Order ae ore meee of Sige given in Opinion 85 4 Utica Hewitson, [1865] (a junior homonym of Utica White, 1847), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 513 Valdivia Ragonot, 1888 (a junior homonym of Valdivia White, 1847), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 514 Valdivia Shannon, 1927 (a junior homonym of Valdivia White, 1847), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 515 Page 144 17 158 85 85 12 13 268 W7a 52 61 61 61 Volume 1, Section D 467 Page Varuna Milne Edwards (H.), 1830 eae? Crustacea, Order 5 banat coe of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. 52 vesiculosa Alcock, 1896, as published in the combination Heteronucia vesiculosa (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), pees on the at List of os see Names in Zoology with Name No. 799. . | vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), Seat on the aoe! List nen Snegific Names in AC? with Name No. 938 .. 23 vigil Fabricius, 1798, as published in the combination Portunus vigil (a junior synonym of vigil Weber, 1795, as published in the combination Portunus vigil), placed on the Official Index of in and Invalid peciee Names in Pei with Name No. 340 Fe 62 violacea Isert, 1789, as published in the combination Musophaga violacea (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 989 178 Vitrina Draparnaud, [1801] (Class Gastropoda), placed on the Official List a Generic Names in Zoology in Opinion 119, determination of gender of ‘ 158 volans Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Draco volans (Class Reptilia), placed on the ag List fe oe Names in RS with Name No. 1105 es é 373-374 Volvox Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Mastigophora), placed on the ce List oe Generic Names in Zoology i in Opinion 75, determination of gender of : 156 vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Sturnus vulgaris (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1011 180 vulgaris Milne Edwards (H.), 1837, as published in the combination Homarus vulgaris (a junior objective synonym of gammarus Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Cancer gammarus), placed on the Offical Index of ge and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 362. f idk 2D vulturina Hardwicke, 1834, as published in the combination Numida vulturina (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 950 173 wallicus Kerr, 1792, as published in the combination Psittacus wallicus (Class Aves), placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology with Name No. 1032 —-183 Xanthasia White, 1846 oe Crustacea, Order Wedge res cemukegen of a eulpe given in Opinion 85 a2 Xanthodius Stimpson, 1859 (Class Crustacea, Order hr ea coments of Ruling given in Opinion 85 ; 3 : : 53 Xenophthalmodes Richters, 1880 Shee Crustacea, Order pee eae of Ruling given in Opinion 85 .. 50 468 Opinions and Declarations Xenophthalmus White, 1846 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 a ig 45 = ae - me £3 Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Class Pisces), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 77 Zosimus Leach, 1823 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 re aye ie eR ae 2 - 4 a Zosimus Schaufuss, 1886 (a junior homonym of Zosimus Leach, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 516 Zozymodes Heller, 1861 (Class Crustacea, Order Decapoda), completion of Ruling given in Opinion 85 i ae Us an ae: e. hp a he Zozymus Milne Edwards (H.), 1834 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling for Zosimus Leach, 1825), placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology with Name No. 517.. fh 4 iA a e: ue a Page 53 340 53 61 52 61 Volume 1, Section D 469 PARTICULARS OF DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS IN WHICH THE PRESENT VOLUME WAS PUBLISHED Part No. Dl D.2 D.3 D.4 |B Bas D.6 Dy, D.8 ES D.10 DAE! 12 13 D.14 BAS D.16 Det] D.18 | ed he Page Nos. 1—46 47—82 83—94 95—138 139—152 153—170 171—210 211—232 233—242 243—254 255—264 265—280 28 1—292 293—308 309—318 319—336 337—364 365—388 389-470 T.P.—XIV Contents of Part Direction 36 Direction 37 Direction 38 Direction 39 Direction 40 Direction 42 Direction 43 Direction 44 Direction 45 Direction 47 Direction 48 Direction 49 Direction 50 Direction 51 Direction 52 Direction 55 Direction 56 Direction 57 ( Corrigenda J and Index, Foreword, Table ie Contents Date of Publication Ist September 1956 Ist September 1956 Ist September 1956 17th September 1956 17th September 1956 17th September 1956 19th October 1956 19th October 1956 19th October 1956 26th October 1956 21st November 1956 21st November 1956 21st November 1956 21st November 1956 Sth December 1956 20th December 1956 20th December 1956 20th December 1956 : L ( J 10th October 1957 470 Opinions and Declarations INSTRUCTIONS TO BINDERS The present volume should be bound up as follows: T.P.—xXIV, 1—470, coloured wrapper (cover) to Part D.19. Note: The wrappers (covers) to the Parts of which this volume is composed form, with the exception of the coloured wrapper (cover) issued with Part D.19, an integral part of those Parts, being included for purposes of pagination. These wrappers should therefore be bound up in the position in which they were issued. The brown wrapper (cover) to Part D.19 should be bound in at the end of the volume. Printed in England by METCALFE & Cooper LimiTeED, 10-24 Scrutton St., London E C 2 es _—_ - - t ~ A St5. <*> os™ oe Spec, aa 7 +2 = £5 4 : > ; ak , re + ce x ae z A _ 7 ae = Ges, ‘ ? ¢ ey. x % s 4 i . “ ' > - don EC Dina , ra ; Rene ? i" m , : ‘h ine Oya 5 Cadet fk Rs, ry ae A Hy lag i UE ¥ ha) rey ayes pene = ie et > ~— =, —_— <4. oe » —— — EE a 7 we = —_~ ie a >. .<. = a mi ae _ na Wii LAN